..................................................................................................................................... 3 General Introduction .................................................................................................................. 5 Chapter I Molecular phylogeography of the brown bear Ursus arctos in northeastern Asia based on analyses of complete mitochondrial DNA sequences ................................................. 9 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 10 Materials and Methods ....................................................................................................................... 11 Results ................................................................................................................................................ 15 Discussion .......................................................................................................................................... 16 Chapter II Mitochondrial DNA haplogrouping of the brown bear Ursus arctos in Asia based on a newly developed APLP analysis ...................................................................................... 2