........................................................................................................................................ 3 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... 5 Declaration .................................................................................................................................... 6 Preface ........................................................................................................................................... 9 Chapter 1: Lebanon’s Naturalised Palestinians ...................................................................... 13 Context and background: al Nakba .......................................................................................... 16 T. H. Marshall’s Liberal Theory of Citizenship ....................................................................... 20 Citizenship and human rights ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. The colonial origins of citizenship in the Arab World ............................................................. 23 Naturalisation: open versus closed countries ............................................................................... 26 Naturalised versus refugee ....................................................................................................... 27 Identifying the problem ............................................................................................................ 28 Etymology of tawtin and tajnis ................................................................................................ 30 Objectives of this study ............................................................................................................ 32 Research questions ................................................................................................................... 34 Overview of chapters ............................................................................................................... 34 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 35 Chapter 2: Methodology ............................................................................................................ 36 Methods and methodology ....................................................................................................... 36 Primary sources and data collection ......................................................................................... 37 Gathering the data .................................................................................................................... 37 Research design ........................................................................................................................ 40 Fieldwork: July 2013 to February 2014 ................................................................................... 40 The interviews .......................................................................................................................... 46 My family ................................................................................................................................. 47 Positionality and reflexivity ..................................................................................................... 48 Limitations of this study........................................................................................................... 52 Data and analysis ..................................................................................................................... 53 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 53 Chapter 3: Tawtin in Lebanon................................................................................................... 55 1947–1948 ................................................................................................................................ 55 The establishment of Israel ...................................................................................................... 56 Palestinian arrival in Lebanon .................................................................................................. 57 Repatriation/the right of return ................................................................................................. 60 Resettlement in International discourse ................................................................................... 62 Palestinian naturalisation (1948-early 1960s) .......................................................................... 65 The significance of Christians and wealthy Muslims in the tawtin process ............................ 65 Against tawtin: demographic and political reasons .................................................................. 67 Political concerns: weakening Lebanese national identity ....................................................... 71 The Lebanese civic myth of kinship and tawtin ....................................................................... 73 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 75