................................................................................................................................... ii PREFACE ...................................................................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................ v LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... ix DEDICATION ................................................................................................................................ x INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 Contemporary Scholarship in Both Korean and English Related to the Issue of Clerical Marriage ...................................................................................................................................... 1 Thesis .......................................................................................................................................... 5 Sources ........................................................................................................................................ 8 Theoretical Framework ............................................................................................................. 10 Organization .............................................................................................................................. 16 CHAPTER ONE: RE-THINKING LATE CHOSŎN BUDDHISM ............................................ 22 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 22 Vinayas and Pure Rules in the Buddhist Traditions in China and Korea ................................. 25 Early Vinaya Tradition and Pure Rules in Chinese Buddhism ............................................. 25 Vinaya and Pure Rules in Korean Buddhism from Silla to Koryŏ ....................................... 27 Vinayas, Precepts, and Ordination of Chosǒn Buddhism ......................................................... 30 General Buddhist Policies of the Chosŏn Court ................................................................... 30 Vinaya and Pure Rules in the Chosǒn Period ....................................................................... 33 Ordination, Precepts, and Monk Certificates ........................................................................ 38 Prohibition of Clerical Marriage ........................................................................................... 45 Re-thinking Late Chosŏn Buddhism ......................................................................................... 47 Formation of Dharma Lineage .............................................................................................. 47 Buddhist Clergy’s Private Property ...................................................................................... 53 Revival of Ordination Lineage.............................................................................................. 57 Prelude to Clerical Marriage in Colonial Buddhism............................................................. 62 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 63 CHAPTER TWO: TEMPLE REGULATIONS AND THE ISSUE OF CLERICAL MARRIAGE ....................................................................................................................................................... 65 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 65 Korean Buddhism in the Transition Period .............................................................................. 66 The 1902 Temple Regulations .............................................................................................. 66 The Wŏnjong and the Imjejong ............................................................................................ 68