..................................................................................................................................... 6 A Note on Translations .......................................................................................................... 7 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 8 Literature Review ................................................................................................................... 9 Theoretical Approach ........................................................................................................... 13 Scope and Organisation ....................................................................................................... 14 Chapter 1: The ‘Two Souls’ of Romanticism .......................................................................... 17 Defining Romanticism ......................................................................................................... 17 The ‘Two Souls’ .................................................................................................................. 20 Hölderlin: the divine vessel ................................................................................................. 24 Friedrich Schlegel and Novalis: the priests of the new religion .......................................... 26 Emerson: the role of the poet-shaman ................................................................................. 28 Lugones’ Las montañas del oro: the poet as visionary ........................................................ 30 Nietzsche, Mallarmé and the French Decadents: the world in a beautiful book ................. 32 Chapter 2: The Prehistory of Huidobro’s creacionismo .......................................................... 36 Canciones en la noche ......................................................................................................... 36 La gruta del silencio ............................................................................................................ 40 Las pagodas ocultas ............................................................................................................. 45 Pasando y pasando and “Non Serviam” .............................................................................. 49 Chapter 3: The Epoch of creacionismo, 1916-1926 ................................................................ 56 Adán ..................................................................................................................................... 57 El espejo de agua ................................................................................................................. 62 Literary Reviews and Polemics ........................................................................................... 66 Manifestes manifeste ............................................................................................................ 73 Vientos contrarios ................................................................................................................ 77 Chapter 4: From Poet-God to Citizen of Oblivion (1931-1948).............................................. 83 Altazor .................................................................................................................................. 86 Sátiro o el poder de las palabras ......................................................................................... 92 Ver y palpar ......................................................................................................................... 95 El ciudadano del olvido and Últimos poemas .................................................................... 102 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 109 Appendix ................................................................................................................................ 111 Works Cited ........................................................................................................................... 112