Tanythrix
National Institutes of Health
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..........................................................................................................................................iv Introduction. ....................................................... ............................................................................1 Synergistic effects of anthropogenic disturbance.. .............................................................1 Hawai'i: An invaluable scientific resource.. ...................................................................... 3 Hawaiian Drosophila: indicators of change. ..................................................................... 4 A system under siege. ....................................................... ................................................ 6 Study merit and hypotheses.. ............................................................................................. 6 Materials and Methods. ....................................................... .......................................................... 9 Study site description....................................................... .................................................. 9 Sampling methodology....................................................... ............................................. 10 Statistical analyses. ....................................................... .................................................. 13 Results. ....................................................... ....................................................... ......................... 16 Total Drosophilidae. ....................................................... ................................................ 16 Native Drosophilidae....................... ....................... ....................... ................................ 17 Exotic "yellow flies"......................................................................................................... 19 D. tanythrix. ....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... ..................... 20 Picture-wings....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... .................... 22 Other Drosophilidae....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... .......... 27 Drosophilid Species and morphotype richness. ....................... ....................... ............... 29 iButton temperature and humidity measurements. ....................... ....................... .......... 31 Conslusions and Discussion. ....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... ........ 32 General conclusions, pertaining to study hypotheses....................................................... 32 Effects of datasets and scale.......... ....................... ....................... .................................. 32 Overarching parameter effects....................... ....................... ....................... .................. 34 Species-specific responses. ....................... ....................... ....................... ...................... 36 Ecological implications and future directions....................... ....................... ................... 39 Closing remarks. ....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... .............. 42 Works Cited....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... .......... 43 Tables. ....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... .................. 52 Table 1....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... ...... 52 Table 2. ....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... ............................ 53 Tables 3A-J. ....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... ..................... 54 Tables 4A-J. ....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... ..................... 57 Tables 5A-D. ....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... .................... 63