................................................................................................................................................. ii DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................... iv INTRODUCTION. Green is for Girls .......................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER ONE. From the New Nature Movement to Environmental Justice: Environmental Education for the Twenty-First Century.......................................... 22 CHAPTER TWO. Interventions into Environmental Education ................................................................ 69 CHAPTER THREE. Theorizing and Researching Girls’ Citizenships .................................................... 111 CHAPTER FOUR. “What We Can Do to Help”: Citizenship and Service in the Girl Guides of Canada ................................................................................................... 169 CHAPTER FIVE. Between Philanthropy and Justice: Environmental Science, Environmental Justice, and Green Girls ................................................................. 234 CHAPTER SIX. Thinking through Culture: Environmental Justice and Multicultural Environmental Education in ECO Girls ........................................... 292 CONCLUSION. Power, Not Programs? The Possibilities of Citizenship in Girls’ Environmental Programs ............................................................................. 353 NOTES....................................................................................................................372 BIBLIOGRAPHY......................................................................................................392 APPENDICES .......................................................................................................................................... 408 Appendix A. Call for Research Participants ......................................................................................... 408 Appendix B: Interview Questions for Service Providers ...................................................................... 410 Appendix C: Focus Group Questions for Girls ..................................................................................... 413 Appendix D: ECO Girls Recitation ...................................................................................................... 414 Appendix E: Program Synopsis for Girl Guides of Canada-Guides du Canada (GGC) ....................... 415 Appendix F: Program Synopsis for Green Girls ................................................................................... 416 Appendix G: Program Synopsis for ECO Girls .................................................................................... 417