..................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ............................................................................................................................ ix List of Figures ........................................................................................................................... xi Chapter 1: Introduction to Dissertation .......................................................................................1 1.1 General introduction and background on anchialine habitats and their biota ...........1 1.2 References ...............................................................................................................11 Chapter 2: Rocks and Clocks: Linking geologic history and rates of genetic differentiation in anchialine organisms .............................................................................................................16 2.1 Abstract ...................................................................................................................16 2.2 Introduction .............................................................................................................17 2.3 Materials and Methods ............................................................................................19 2.3.1 Biological Materials .......................................................................................19 2.3.2 DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing .............20 2.3.3 Demographic and genetic structure analyses .................................................20 2.3.4 Divergence time estimation and geologic age ...............................................21 2.4 Results .....................................................................................................................22 2.4.1 Halocaridina from the northeastern coast of Maui ........................................22 2.4.2 Halocaridina from the southeastern coast of Hawai‘i ...................................24 2.5 Discussion ...............................................................................................................25