One more time about motor (and non-motor) synergies

@article{Latash2021OneMT,
  title={One more time about motor (and non-motor) synergies},
  author={Mark L. Latash},
  journal={Experimental Brain Research},
  year={2021},
  volume={239},
  pages={2951 - 2967},
  url={https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236989564}
}
The concept of synergy is revisited based on the recently translated classical book by Nikolai Bernstein and progress in understanding the physics and neurophysiology of biological action and the recent generalization of the concept of synergies for non-motor domains, including perception, is discussed.

Brief History of the Uncontrolled Manifold Hypothesis and Its Role in Motor Control

The UCM framework has established itself as a productive framework for the analysis of movement control, in particular as related to stability of salient performance variables and led to the discovery of novel phenomena such as trade-offs within hierarchical systems, anticipatory synergy adjustments, synergies within systems of different complexity.

Applied Aspects of Contemporary Motor Control Theories: A Natural Science Perspective.

The review is based on theoretical advances in the field of motor control that view the neural control of movements as a subfield of natural science. We accept the theory of hierarchical control of

Intramuscle Synergies: Their Place in the Neural Control Hierarchy.

Two major theoretical developments in the field of motor control are used to discuss recent studies of synergies within spaces of individual motor units (MUs) recorded within a single muscle to suggest that intra- and multimuscle synergies promise a powerful tool for exploring changes in spinal and supraspinal circuitry across patient populations.

Seminars in Motor Control

All biological systems emerged in the process of evolution and are constrained by basic laws of nature. Approaches to motor control that assume operations with numbers and symbols (computations) in

Motor unit-based synergies in a non-compartmentalized muscle

This study offers strong evidence for the existence of synergic control mechanisms at the level of motor units independent of muscle compartmentalization, likely organized within spinal cord circuitry.

Identifying Referent Control Variables Underlying Goal-Directed Arm Movements.

It is found that in all movements, periods of minimization of the activity of multiple muscles could be identified at ∼61%-86% of the reaching extent in each direction, which supports the concept of the production of arm movement by shifting R.

Two aspects of feed-forward control of action stability: effects of action speed and unexpected events.

We explored two types of anticipatory synergy adjustments (ASA) during accurate four-finger total force production task. The first type is a change in the index of force-stabilizing synergy during a

Motor synergies and the equilibrium-point hypothesis.

The article offers a way to unite three recent developments in the field of motor control and coordination: (1) The notion of synergies is introduced based on the principle of motor abundance; (2)

The bliss (not the problem) of motor abundance (not redundancy)

Large amounts of “good variance”—variance in the space of elements that has no effect on the overall performance—have been documented across a variety of natural actions, which support the view that there is no problem of motor redundancy; there is bliss of motor abundance.

A central back-coupling hypothesis on the organization of motor synergies: a physical metaphor and a neural model

The hypothesis suggests that neurophysiological structures involving short-latency feedback may play a central role in the formation of motor synergies and demonstrates non-trivial features of multi-finger interaction.

Performance-Stabilizing Synergies in a Complex Motor Skill: Analysis Based on the Uncontrolled Manifold Hypothesis.

The results confirmed the presence of both coordinate- and velocity-stabilizing synergies (ΔV > 0) and interpret the findings within the idea of hierarchical control and trade-off between synergy indices at different levels of the hierarchy.

New insights into action–perception coupling

The equilibrium-point hypothesis suggests that action and perception are accomplished in a common spatial frame of reference selected by the brain from a set of available frames, and this approach is extended to sense of effort, kinesthetic illusions, phantom limb and phantom body phenomena.

From Motor Planning to Execution: A Sensorimotor Loop Perspective.

It is argued that what makes the problem of supraspinal control so difficult is that it emerges as a result of multiple convergent and redundant sensorimotor loops, and state-of-the-art techniques in neurotechnology, such as optogenetics, appear to be well suited for investigating the problem at the level of loops.

A critical evaluation of the force control hypothesis in motor control

It is concluded that the central idea of the force control hypothesis—that control levels operate through the central specification of forces—is flawed, specifically evident in the context of attempts to incorporate physiologically realistic muscle and reflex mechanisms into the forcecontrol model.
...