............................................................................................................................................................... x Chapter One Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Aquifers and Groundwater Hydraulics ......................................................................................................... 2 1.1.2 Karst Aquifer Hydraulics ...................................................................................................................... 5 Chapter Two – Literature Review ..................................................................................................................... 10 2.1 Review of Karst Modeling & Previous Work ............................................................................................... 10 2.1.1 Types of Karst Models ........................................................................................................................ 10 2.1.2 Previous Studies With MODFLOW-CFP ............................................................................................ 15 Chapter Three – Overview of Thesis Research .................................................................................................. 17 3.1 Methods ..................................................................................................................................................... 17 3.1.1 Program Code ..................................................................................................................................... 17 3.1.2 Basic Structure of the Study ................................................................................................................ 18 3.1.3 Hypotheses ......................................................................................................................................... 18 3.1.4 Significance ........................................................................................................................................ 18 Chapter Four – Karst Groundwater Models ..................................................................................................... 20 4.1 Laboratory Scale Study .............................................................................................................................. 20 4.1.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................................ 20 4.1.2 Conceptual Models ............................................................................................................................. 21 4.1.3 Numerical Models .............................................................................................................................. 22 4.1.4 Model Calibration ............................................................................................................................... 23 4.1.5 Simulation Results .............................................................................................................................. 24 4.2 Sub-Regional Scale Study ........................................................................................................................... 30 4.2.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................................ 30 4.2.2 Sub-regional Geology and Hydrogeology ............................................................................................ 31 4.2.3 Conceptual Model............................................................................................................................... 36 4.2.4 Numerical Model ................................................................................................................................ 39