Sterile rhodolith coralline algae NZC0836
National Institutes of Health
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.............................................................................................................................. III LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES ........................................................................................ IX ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................... X CHAPTER 1: Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 CHAPTER 2: Fundamental Elements of Stratigraphic Architecture in Heterozoan Carbonates: Grain-Rich Fining-and-Shoaling-Upward Cyclothems and Clinothems ........................................ 4 Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 5 Geologic Setting ............................................................................................................................. 8 Methodology ................................................................................................................................ 13 Pliocene stratigraphic architecture ........................................................................................... 15 Clinothem Geometry ......................................................................................................... 15 Depositional Profiles (DP) of Facies on Clinothem Slopes .............................................. 19 Pliocene Lithofacies and Interpretations .................................................................................. 20 Silty Packstone .................................................................................................................. 24 Sand-Gravel Packstone Association ................................................................................. 26 Bioclastic Rudstone Association ........................................................................................30 Rhodolith-Bivalve Rudstone Association ......................................................................... 32 Miocene Stratigraphic Architecture .......................................................................................... 36 Draping and Onlapping Cyclothems ................................................................................. 36 Miocene Lithofacies and .............................................................................. 37 Cross-Bedded Packstone Association ............................................................................... 41 Bryozoan-Bivalve Rudstone Association ......................................................................... 46 Bivalve Rudstone Association .......................................................................................... 48 Coralline Algae Rudstone Association ............................................................................. 51 Planktonic Foraminifera Wackestone and Packstone Association ................................... 53 Miocene Cyclothems ................................................................................................................... 56 Proximal Cyclothems ........................................................................................................ 57 Medial Cyclothems ........................................................................................................... 57