Zero Benefit
@article{Hoffman2014ZeroB, title={Zero Benefit}, author={Stephen L. Hoffman}, journal={Educational Policy}, year={2014}, volume={28}, pages={69 - 95} }
This study estimates the effect of zero tolerance disciplinary policies on racial disparities in school discipline in an urban district. Capitalizing on a natural experiment, the abrupt expansion of zero tolerance discipline policies in a mid-sized urban school district, the study demonstrates that Black students in the district were disproportionately affected, with an additional 70 Black students per year recommended for expulsion following the policy change. Furthermore, the study uses…
87 Citations
Estimating the Effect of State Zero Tolerance Laws on Exclusionary Discipline, Racial Discipline Gaps, and Student Behavior
- Law
- 2016
Zero tolerance discipline policies have come under criticism as contributors to racial discipline gaps; however, few studies have explicitly examined such policies. This study utilizes data from two…
Racial Disproportionalities in Discipline: The Role of Zero Tolerance Policies
- Law
- 2016
Student safety represents an important goal for schools; however, policies designed to facilitate school safety may have unintended negative consequences. Zero tolerance policies, those that mandate…
Rolling Back Zero Tolerance: The Effect of Discipline Policy Reform on Suspension Usage and Student Outcomes
- Education
- 2018
ABSTRACT Beginning in the early 1990s, states and districts enacted zero-tolerance discipline policies that relied heavily on out-of-school suspensions. Recently, districts nationwide have revised…
A Student Saved is NOT a Dollar Earned: A Meta-Analysis of School Disparities in Discipline Practice Toward Black Children
- PsychologyTaboo: The Journal of Culture and Education
- 2018
Exclusionary school discipline practices continue to play a key explanatory role in racially disproportionate outcomes in the justice system. Three decades of research substantiate the…
Zero Tolerance School Policies
- Education
- 2018
Zero tolerance in schools is a philosophical approach to discipline that generally mandates predetermined punitive consequences—most commonly expulsion and suspension—for violations of particular…
Suspensions Suspended: Do Changes to High School Suspension Policies Change Suspension Rates?
- Economics
- 2017
ABSTRACT In recent years, the frequent use of suspensions and the racial disparities in their application, particularly for nonviolent behaviors, has created a maelstrom of public pressure for…
The Law, Policy, and Portrayal of Zero Tolerance School Discipline: Examining Prevalence and Characteristics Across Levels of Governance and School Districts
- Law
- 2019
Reform of school zero tolerance discipline policies is complicated by a lack of systematic evidence on the prevalence and characteristics of such policies. Through document analysis, this study…
The Punishment Gap: School Suspension and Racial Disparities in Achievement
- 2016
While scholars have studied the racial “achievement gap” for several decades, the mechanisms that produce this gap remain unclear. In this article, we propose that school discipline is a crucial, but…
Reforming School Discipline: School-Level Policy Implementation and the Consequences for Suspended Students and Their Peers
- EducationAmerican Journal of Education
- 2018
States and districts are revising discipline policies to reduce out-of-school suspensions (OSSs), but the consequences of these reforms are largely unknown. We examine a reform in Philadelphia that…
What Do We Know about School Discipline Reform? Assessing the Alternatives to Suspensions and Expulsions
- Education
- 2017
THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION'S OFFICE for Civil Rights announced this spring that the number of suspensions and expulsions in the nation's public schools had dropped 20 percent between 2012 and…
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