Why run and hide when you can divide? Evidence for larval cloning and reduced larval size as an adaptive inducible defense

@article{Vaughn2010WhyRA,
  title={Why run and hide when you can divide? Evidence for larval cloning and reduced larval size as an adaptive inducible defense},
  author={Dawn Vaughn},
  journal={Marine Biology},
  year={2010},
  volume={157},
  pages={1301-1312}
}
  • D. Vaughn
  • Published 4 March 2010
  • Biology
  • Marine Biology
Predator-induced cloning (asexual reproduction), with reduced size as consequence of cloning, suggests a novel adaptation to the threat of predation. Although cloning is a common reproductive strategy of many plants and animals, cloning in response to stimuli from predators has, at present, been documented only in the larvae (plutei) of the sand dollar, Dendraster excentricus. Other studies report larval cloning in echinoderms under optimal conditions of food and temperature. A burst of… 
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Citation Type

Abrupt Change in Food Environment Induces Cloning in Plutei of Dendraster excentricus
TLDR
Results indicate that a change in food concentration can induce cloning in plutei, and demonstrate that anterior autotomization does occur in 4- to 6-arm pluteo.
Differential vulnerability to predation in two sympatric whelks is mediated by juvenile traits
TLDR
The results show that interspecific vulnerability to predators can be mitigated by larger sizes and thicker shells at hatching, and suggest that other species-specific factors, such as juvenile growth rate, may also play key roles in determining the vulnerability of hatchling and juvenile snails to shell-crushing predators.
Ocean acidification induces budding in larval sea urchins
TLDR
It is shown that larvae of the purple urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, underwent high-frequency budding (release of blastula-like particles) when exposed to elevated pCO2 level, and the associated reduction in larval size is suggested.
Variation in vertical distribution of sand dollar larvae relative to haloclines, food, and fish cues
TLDR
The observed larval behaviors in response to haloclines, algae, and a potential predator suggest that D. excentricus plutei behaviorally respond to their environment and likely change position in responseto environmental cues in the field.
Developmental Consequences of Temperature and Salinity Stress in the Sand Dollar Dendraster excentricus
TLDR
It is hypothesized that changes in the properties of the hyaline layer that lies beneath the fertilization envelope facilitate polyembryony, and that twin embryos generated from a single egg are each capable of reaching metamorphosis.
Offspring Size, Provisioning and Performance asa Function of Maternal Investment in DirectDeveloping Whelks
TLDR
Using three sympatric marine intertidal direct developing gastropods as model organisms, contrasting strategies of maternal investment influenced development, hatchling size, maternal provisioning and juvenile performance is examined.
Effects of Egg Size Reductions on Development Time and Juvenile Size in Three Species of Echinoid Echinoderms: Implications for Life History Theory
TLDR
Testing the effects of a 50% reduction in egg volume on development time and juvenile size in three species of echinoid echinoderms found development time does not change linearly with egg size but instead increases exponentially as egg size is reduced.
The peril of the plankton.
TLDR
Recent advances in understanding the behavioral, chemical, and morphological defenses that larvae possess and assess their effectiveness in reducing the risk of predation indicate that marine invertebrate larvae possess a sophisticated suite of defensive phenotypes that have allowed them to persist in the life cycle of benthic invertebrates for eons.
Manipulation of Developing Juvenile Structures in Purple Sea Urchins (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) by Morpholino Injection into Late Stage Larvae
TLDR
Injection of Vivo-Morpholinos (vMOs) designed to knock down p58b and p16, two proteins involved in the elongation of S. purpuratus larval skeleton are injected into juvenile rudiments, providing first evidence that vMOs, which are designed to cross cell membranes, can be used to transiently manipulate gene function in later developmental stages in sea urchins.
Correction: Manipulation of Developing Juvenile Structures in Purple Sea Urchins (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) by Morpholino Injection into Late Stage Larvae
TLDR
Injection of Vivo-Morpholinos (vMOs) designed to knock down p58b and p16, two proteins involved in the elongation of S. purpuratus larval skeleton are presented, providing the first evidence that vMOs, which are designed to cross cell membranes, can be used to transiently manipulate gene function in later developmental stages in sea urchins.
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