Why Are Women Diagnosed Borderline More Than Men?

@article{Skodol2004WhyAW,
  title={Why Are Women Diagnosed Borderline More Than Men?},
  author={Andrew E. Skodol and Donna S Bender},
  journal={Psychiatric Quarterly},
  year={2004},
  volume={74},
  pages={349-360}
}
DSM-IV-TR states that borderline personality disorder (BPD) is “diagnosed predominantly (about 75%) in females.” A 3:1 female to male gender ratio is quite pronounced for a mental disorder and, consequently, has led to speculation about its cause and to some empirical research. The essential question is whether the higher rate of BPD observed in women is a result of a sampling or diagnostic bias, or is it a reflection of biological or sociocultural differences between women and men? Data to… 
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NO MAN'S LAND: GENDER BIAS AND SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVISM IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER
TLDR
This paper attempts a synthesis of diverse, multidisciplinary literature to address the question of why women outnumber men by a ratio of 3:1 in the diagnosis of BPD.
Gender Differences in Borderline Personality Disorder: Results From a Multinational, Clinical Trial Sample.
TLDR
The authors found that women with BPD have greater hostility and relationship disruption than men, and support the conclusion that BPD may diminish normal gender differences.
Clinician Perspectives on Gender Bias in Diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder
Clinician Perspectives on Gender Bias in Diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder by Carl N. Modeste MS, University of Phoenix, 2013 BA, Athabasca University, 2006 Dissertation Submitted in…
Gender Differences in Borderline Personality Disorder Features in an Epidemiological Sample of Adults Age 55-64: Self Versus Informant Report.
TLDR
Analysis of BPD features dimensionally in a representative epidemiological sample of adults ages 55-64 revealed a significant interaction across gender and perspective, such that men reported greater BPD severity.
Gender patterns in borderline personality disorder.
TLDR
Evidence indicates that there are notable gender differences in borderline personality disorder with regard to personality traits, Axis I and II comorbidity, and treatment utilization.
Gender Differences in Axis I and Axis II Comorbidity in Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder
TLDR
This German study could replicate and extend the findings from previous US studies, where men and women with BPD showed important differences in their pattern of psychiatric comorbidity and in diagnostic criteria in BPD patients.
Are Psychopathic and Borderline Personality Disorder Distinct, or Differently Gendered Expressions of the Same Disorder? An Exploration Using Concept Maps
Research findings on gender differences in prevalence and clinician gender bias in the diagnosis of Psychopathic Personality Disorder (PPD) and Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) have led some to…
A Psychometric Investigation of Gender Differences and Common Processes Across Borderline and Antisocial Personality Disorders
TLDR
Common underlying vulnerability accounts for both the comorbidity between BPD and AAB (across sex), and this common vulnerability drives the association with other psychopathology and maladaptive behavior, which has implications for diagnostic classification systems and treatment.
Developmental trajectories to male borderline personality disorder.
TLDR
The authors found that parents describe the early emergence of a constellation of symptoms in their BPD sons that include separation anxiety starting in infancy, body image concerns in childhood, and impulsivity, emptiness, and odd thinking in adolescence that differs from the developmental course found in females diagnosed with BPD.
Gender differences in a clinical sample of patients with borderline personality disorder.
TLDR
The results argue for gender differences in Axis I and II comorbidity and dimensional personality traits in BPD, but in general, more similarities than differences were shown in this study.
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