When White Men Can't Do Math: Necessary and Sufficient Factors in Stereotype Threat
@article{Aronson1999WhenWM, title={When White Men Can't Do Math: Necessary and Sufficient Factors in Stereotype Threat}, author={Joshua Aronson and Michael J. Lustina and Catherine Good and Kelli A. Keough and Claude M. Steele and Joseph L. Brown}, journal={Journal of Experimental Social Psychology}, year={1999}, volume={35}, pages={29-46} }
Abstract Research on “stereotype threat” (Aronson, Quinn, & Spencer, 1998; Steele, 1997; Steele & Aronson, 1995) suggests that the social stigma of intellectual inferiority borne by certain cultural minorities can undermine the standardized test performance and school outcomes of members of these groups. This research tested two assumptions about the necessary conditions for stereotype threat to impair intellectual test performance. First, we tested the hypothesis that to interfere with…
Figures from this paper
932 Citations
Stereotype Threat, Social Class, Gender, and Academic Under-Achievement: When Our Reputation Catches Up to Us and Takes Over
- Psychology
- 2001
According to Steele (1997), negative stereotypes about intellectual abilities can act as a threat that disrupts the performance of students targeted by bad reputations. Previous research on…
STEREOTYPE THREAT, GENDER, AND MATH PERFORMANCE: EVIDENCE FROM THE NATIONAL ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS
- Psychology
- 2009
Stereotype threat posits that when individuals are primed about a fixed characteristic of theirs that is negatively stereotyped in relation to a task (i.e., girls cannot do math), subsequent…
The Effects of Stereotype Threat on MIS Students: An Initial Investigation
- PsychologyJ. Comput. Inf. Syst.
- 2009
The theory supports the contention that males may outperform females on certain tasks but attributes the reason to psycho-social factors and not to innate ability.
Creating a critical mass eliminates the effects of stereotype threat on women's mathematical performance.
- PsychologyThe British journal of educational psychology
- 2016
Findings suggest that single-sex testing environments may represent a practical intervention to alleviate stereotype threat effects but may have a paradoxical effect on mindset.
Stereotype Threat in the Classroom: Dejection Mediates the Disrupting Threat Effect on Women’s Math Performance
- PsychologyPersonality & social psychology bulletin
- 2003
It appears that dejection emotions mediate the effect of threat manipulation in women working on mathematical problems, and this effect exists in this everyday setting: high school classrooms.
The effect of stereotype threat on women's mathematical performance and motivation
- Psychology
- 2012
Stereotype threat theory (STT) asserts that targets of negative stereotypes experience a performance-interfering evaluative threat, which arises from a pressure to disconfirm the relevant stereotype.…
When Positive Stereotypes Threaten Intellectual Performance: The Psychological Hazards of “Model Minority” Status
- PsychologyPsychological science
- 2000
Although people commonly hold positive stereotypes about Asians' mathematical skills, making these stereotypes salient prior to performance can create the potential for “choking” under the pressure of high expectations.
Gender, Stereotype Threat and Mathematics Test Scores
- Psychology
- 2011
Problem statement: Stereotype threat has repeatedly been shown to depress women’s scores on difficult math tests. An attempt to replicate these findings in China found no support for the stereotype…
References
SHOWING 1-10 OF 47 REFERENCES
Stereotype Threat and Women's Math Performance
- Psychology
- 1999
Abstract When women perform math, unlike men, they risk being judged by the negative stereotype that women have weaker math ability. We call this predicament stereotype threat and hypothesize that…
Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans.
- PsychologyJournal of personality and social psychology
- 1995
The role of stereotype vulnerability in the standardized test performance of ability-stigmatized groups is discussed and mere salience of the stereotype could impair Blacks' performance even when the test was not ability diagnostic.
A threat in the air. How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance.
- PsychologyThe American psychologist
- 1997
Research shows that this threat dramatically depresses the standardized test performance of women and African Americans who are in the academic vanguard of their groups, that it causes disidentification with school, and that practices that reduce this threat can reduce these negative effects.
Extending the Concept of Stereotype Threat to Social Class: The Intellectual Underperformance of Students from Low Socioeconomic Backgrounds
- Psychology
- 1998
Students from poorer families perform worse on intellectual tasks than do other students. The authors tested the stereotype threat hypothesis as a possible explanation for this difference. Students…
Coping with Negative Stereotypes about Intellectual Performance: The Role of Psychological Disengagement
- Psychology
- 1998
Two experiments tested the hypothesis that members of negatively stereotyped groups psychologically disengage their self-esteem from feedback received in stereotype-relevant domains. In both…
Stigma consciousness: the psychological legacy of social stereotypes.
- PsychologyJournal of personality and social psychology
- 1999
It is proposed here that targets differ in the extent to which they expect to be stereotyped by others, and the results suggest that the SCQ is a reliable and valid instrument for detecting differences in stigma consciousness.
Academics, Self-Esteem, and Race: A Look at the Underlying Assumptions of the Disidentification Hypothesis
- Education
- 1995
Theorists have argued that global self-esteem should be related to performance in academics. However, studies have reported lower academic achievement among African American students than among White…
Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma.
- Psychology
- 1989
Although several psychological theories predict that members of stigmatized groups should have low global self-esteem, empirical research typically does not support this prediction. It is proposed…
Improving memory in old age through implicit self-stereotyping.
- PsychologyJournal of personality and social psychology
- 1996
The potential for memory improvement in old individuals when the negative stereotypes of aging that dominate the American culture are shifted to more positive stereotypes is highlighted.