Visual perspective taking by dogs (Canis familiaris) in a Guesser–Knower task: evidence for a canine theory of mind?

@article{Maginnity2014VisualPT,
  title={Visual perspective taking by dogs (Canis familiaris) in a Guesser–Knower task: evidence for a canine theory of mind?},
  author={Michelle E. Maginnity and Randolph C. Grace},
  journal={Animal Cognition},
  year={2014},
  volume={17},
  pages={1375-1392}
}
We tested domestic dogs (N = 16) in a Guesser–Knower task in which they chose between possible locations for hidden food indicated by human informants. In four experiments, the perceptual access of the Guesser and Knower to the hidden food baiting was manipulated. When informants had differing perceptual access to the baiting, dogs preferred the location indicated by the Knower from the start of testing (Experiment 1), even when baiting was done by a third experimenter (Experiments 2–3… 
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With 16 dogs, this work replicated the main results of Maginnity and Grace, and extended this finding with a further, critical control for behaviour-reading: two informants showed identical looking behaviour, but due to their different position in the room, only one had the opportunity to see where the food was hidden by a third person.
Metacognition in canids: A comparison of dogs (Canis familiaris) and dingoes (Canis dingo).
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Findings provide clear evidence that dogs do not demonstrate a human-like bias to defer to communicative cues, and dogs may be more likely to critically evaluate information presented via Communicative cues than either physical or non-communicative cues.
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The first investigation of probabilistic inference in a monkey species (capuchins; Sapajus spp.) revealed that at least some capuchins were able to make Probabilistic inferences via reasoning about proportions as opposed to simpler quantity heuristics.
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