Vernalization: winter and the timing of flowering in plants.

@article{Kim2009VernalizationWA,
  title={Vernalization: winter and the timing of flowering in plants.},
  author={Dong-Hwan Kim and Mark Robert Doyle and Sibum Sung and Richard M. Amasino},
  journal={Annual review of cell and developmental biology},
  year={2009},
  volume={25},
  pages={
          277-99
        }
}
Plants have evolved many systems to sense their environment and to modify their growth and development accordingly. One example is vernalization, the process by which flowering is promoted as plants sense exposure to the cold temperatures of winter. A requirement for vernalization is an adaptive trait that helps prevent flowering before winter and permits flowering in the favorable conditions of spring. In Arabidopsis and cereals, vernalization results in the suppression of genes that repress… 
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The molecular mechanism of vernalization-induced flowering along with epigenetic regulations in Arabidopsis and temperate cereals are discussed and the presence of FLC homologs in monocots opens new dimensions to understand, compare and retrace the evolution of Vernalization pathways between monocot and dicots.
...

168 References

Epigenetic regulation of flowering.

Control of Arabidopsis flowering: the chill before the bloom

The timing of the floral transition has significant consequences for reproductive success in plants and a central player in this process is FLC, which blocks flowering by inhibiting genes required to switch the meristem from vegetative to floral development.

Vernalization in Arabidopsis thaliana is mediated by the PHD finger protein VIN3

This work identifies a gene with a function in the measurement of the duration of cold exposure and in the establishment of the vernalized state of Arabidopsis thaliana and shows that this silencing involves changes in the modification of histones in FLC chromatin.

Remembering winter: toward a molecular understanding of vernalization.

This work has demonstrated that covalent modifications of histones in the chromatin of target loci are part of the molecular mechanism by which certain repressors are silenced during vernalization.

The VERNALIZATION 2 Gene Mediates the Epigenetic Regulation of Vernalization in Arabidopsis

The molecular basis of vernalization-induced flowering in cereals.

The Wheat VRN2 Gene Is a Flowering Repressor Down-Regulated by Vernalization

Cutting the RNA level of VRN2 by RNA interference accelerated the flowering time of transgenic winter-wheat plants by more than a month and resulted in spring lines, which do not require vernalization to flower.

A PHD finger protein involved in both the vernalization and photoperiod pathways in Arabidopsis.

This work shows that a plant homeodomain (PHD) finger-containing protein, VIN3-LIKE 1 (VIL1), participates in both the photoperiod and vernalization pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana by regulating expression of the related floral repressors FLOWERing LOCUS C (FLC) and FLOWERING LOCUS M (FLM).

Regulation and identity of florigen: FLOWERING LOCUS T moves center stage.

Progress in defining the molecular mechanisms that activate this module in response to changing day length and the increasing evidence that FT protein is a major component of florigen are described.

Integration of Flowering Signals in Winter-Annual Arabidopsis1

Analysis of activation-tagged alleles of FT and the FT homolog, TSF, in a winter-annual background finds that FLC acts as a dosage-dependent inhibitor of FT expression, and the integration of flowering signals from the photoperiod and vernalization pathways occurs through the regulation of FT, T SF, and SOC1.
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