Unraveling the historical prevalence of the invasive chytrid fungus in the Bolivian Andes: implications in recent amphibian declines

@article{Burrowes2017UnravelingTH,
  title={Unraveling the historical prevalence of the invasive chytrid fungus in the Bolivian Andes: implications in recent amphibian declines},
  author={Patricia A. Burrowes and Ignacio de la Riva},
  journal={Biological Invasions},
  year={2017},
  volume={19},
  pages={1781-1794}
}
We studied the historical prevalence of the invasive and pathogenic chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) among amphibians from the Bolivian Andes. Our aim was also to determine its geographic pattern of dispersion, and a potential host taxonomic signature. We collected frog tissue samples from nine museum collections covering a period from 1863 to 2005 and from the field during 2009–2016. Bd was diagnosed via quantitative PCR in 599 individuals of 17 genera and 54 species. We… 
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Early presence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Mexico with a contemporary dominance of the global panzootic lineage
TLDR
A contemporary dominance of the global panzootic lineage in Mexico is observed and four genetic subpopulations and potential for admixture among these populations are reported, with a clear geographic signature or support for the epizootic wave hypothesis.
Genetic analysis of post-epizootic amphibian chytrid strains in Bolivia: Adding a piece to the puzzle.
TLDR
A more complex evolutionary history for this pathogen in Bolivia is suggested, and the presence of Bd-GPL is extended to the central Andes in South America, and this hypervirulent strain is reported at Lago Titicaca, where Bd has been detected since 1863, without evidence of amphibian declines.
Fungal infection, decline and persistence in the only obligate troglodytic Neotropical salamander
TLDR
One of the earliest positive records of the fungus to date in Latin America is obtained, providing additional historical evidence consistent with the Bd epidemic wave hypothesis and providing an important historical baseline for actions to preserve the few known remaining populations of C. magnipes.
Bioclimatic and anthropogenic variables shape the occurrence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis over a large latitudinal gradient
TLDR
This model indicated positive associations of Bd prevalence with altitude, temperature, precipitation and human-modified landscapes and found that macroscale drivers, such as land use change and climate, shape the occurrence of BD at the landscape level.
Cryptic diversity of a widespread global pathogen reveals expanded threats to amphibian conservation
TLDR
This study uses a custom method for genotyping degraded Bd DNA samples, such as those nondestructively collected from live animal or museum specimen skin swabs, and presents the discovery of a divergent lineage of Bd—BdASIA3, that appears to be widespread in Southeast Asia.
One hundred years of infection with three global pathogens in frog populations of Florida, USA
Amphibian fungal panzootic causes catastrophic and ongoing loss of biodiversity
TLDR
A global, quantitative assessment of the amphibian chytridiomycosis panzootic demonstrates its role in the decline of at least 501 amphibian species over the past half-century and represents the greatest recorded loss of biodiversity attributable to a disease.
Double trouble: co-infections of chytrid fungi will severely impact widely distributed newts
TLDR
Findings will improve the estimates of decline risk for a species that could serve as a potential superspreader of Bsal in North America and determine if natural exposure to Bd provides protection against Bsal.
Effects of invasive larval bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) on disease transmission, growth and survival in the larvae of native amphibians
TLDR
It is found that only 4 of 448 total animals tested positive for Bd after overwintering, which suggests that Bd can persist over winter without bullfrogs as a reservoir host and limited evidence that BD successfully overwinters in the absence of bullfrog tadpoles and infects spring-breeding amphibians.
Rediscovery of the nearly extinct longnose harlequin frog Atelopus longirostris (Bufonidae) in Junín, Imbabura, Ecuador
TLDR
The recent finding of four adults of Atelopus longirostris, a Critically Endangered species that was last seen in 1989, fits an apparent pattern of mild conditions that might be promoting either the recovery or persistence in low numbers of some relict amphibian populations.
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