Undesirable and adverse effects of tooth-whitening products: a review

@article{Goldberg2009UndesirableAA,
  title={Undesirable and adverse effects of tooth-whitening products: a review},
  author={Michel E. Goldberg and Martin Grootveld and Edward Lynch},
  journal={Clinical Oral Investigations},
  year={2009},
  volume={14},
  pages={1-10}
}
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a powerful oxidising agent. It gives rise to agents known to be effective bleaching agents. The mechanisms of bleaching involve the degradation of the extracellular matrix and oxidation of chromophores located within enamel and dentin. However, H2O2 produces also local undesirable effects on tooth structures and oral mucosa. In clinical conditions, the daily low-level doses used to produce tooth whitening never generate general acute and sub-acute toxic effects… 
View on Springer
dentalfearcentral.org
233 Citations
Highly Influential Citations
6
Background Citations
77
Methods Citations
4
Results Citations
1

233 Citations

Citation Type

Citation Type

Sensitivity in Dental Bleaching and the Use of Anti-Inflammatory Agents
This study discusses the role of anti-inflammatory medications in reducing the sensitivity caused by tooth bleaching. Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), the active principle in bleaching agents, reacts…
Effectiveness and Adverse Effects of Over-the-Counter Whitening Products on Dental Tissues
The role of bleaching agents (e.g., hydrogen peroxide) in tooth bleaching is quite well-described in a few literature studies and considered as the option choice for those desiring brighter teeth,…
Toxicity and efficiency study of plant extracts-based bleaching agents
TLDR
Experimental gels induced significantly better viability and apoptosis rates, lower lipid peroxidation, and increased antioxidant defense, compared to Opalescence, and open new possibilities for the use of new natural products in dental bleaching treatments that can insure significant esthetic results and lower side effects.
In Vivo Effects of Two In-Office Vital Tooth Bleaching Systems on Enamel Permeability
Tooth bleaching is a common treatment for the amelioration of the aesthetic of discoloured teeth. In this context, there are two common approaches that employ concentrated solutions (30–40 wt.%) of…
Effects on gastric mucosa induced by dental bleaching – an experimental study with 6% hydrogen peroxide in rats
TLDR
It seems that there are some signs of toxicity 3 to 4 days after administration of 6% hydrogen peroxide, which is similar to that seen in other studies of tooth whitening products when they are swallowed.
Tooth whitening: From the established treatments to novel approaches to prevent side effects.
OBJECTIVE The aim is to review the most important aspects about tooth whitening treatments, their side effects, and the new emerging approaches to overcome them. OVERVIEW This review is focused on…
Calcium Phosphate Microspheres as a Delivery Vehicle for Tooth-Bleaching Agents
TLDR
Results showed that the spheres could be used as a carrier for carbamide peroxide and that the amount of spheres did not affect the diffusivity of peroxide through the enamel discs, suggesting that the microspheres are considered promising as an additive to minimize side effects in bleaching gel formulation.
Bleaching and enamel surface interactions resulting from the use of highly-concentrated bleaching gels.
TLDR
H2O2 concentration above the 15% level does not increase bleaching effectiveness, and may increase the possibility for alteration of enamel hardness, surface morphology, and acidity of the medium.
Genotoxic potential of 10% and 16% carbamide peroxide in dental bleaching.
TLDR
When bleaching is not prolonged or not performed very frequently, bleaching agents containing carbamide peroxide alone will not cause mutagenic stress on gingival epithelial cells, and a slight increase in MN was observed for both groups, in comparison with the baseline, at 15 days.
Clinical Evaluation of Genotoxicity of In-office Bleaching.
TLDR
The in-office bleaching did not induce DNA damage to the gingival and lip tissue during the bleaching period, and effective whitening was observed, most of the participants experienced TS.
...
1
2
3
4
5
...

References

SHOWING 1-10 OF 97 REFERENCES
Hydrogen peroxide tooth-whitening (bleaching) products: Review of adverse effects and safety issues
TLDR
Until further clinical research is concluded to address the question of possible carcinogenicity, it is recommended that tooth-bleaching products using concentrated H2O2 should not be used without gingival protection; that H2 O2 containing products should be avoided in patients with damaged or diseased soft tissues.
In vitro evaluation of a novel 6% hydrogen peroxide tooth whitening product.
TLDR
XW has been shown to be an effective tooth whitening product in vitro with support for its safety on subsurface enamel and dentine together with its safety to cause pulpal enzyme damage.
Acute Toxicity of Carbamide Peroxide and a Commercially Available Tooth-bleaching Agent in Rats
TLDR
An exposure limit based on the lowest observed effect level (15 mg carbamide peroxide/kg body weight) and a safety factor of 100 were established and utilized in a risk assessment which indicated that daily human exposure during a bleaching procedure may come close to or even exceed this limit.
A clinical assessment of the effects of 10% carbamide peroxide gel on human pulp tissue.
Bleaching vital teeth with 10% carbamide peroxide gel is a routine procedure in which there has been no evidence of associated permanent pulpal damage. Synthesis of the enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)…
Tooth bleaching--a critical review of the biological aspects.
  • J. Dahl, U. Pallesen
  • Chemistry, Medicine
    Critical reviews in oral biology and medicine : an official publication of the American Association of Oral Biologists
  • 2003
TLDR
The risk assessment revealed that a sufficient safety level was not reached in certain clinical situations of external tooth bleaching, such as bleaching one tooth arch with 35% carbamide peroxide, using several applications per day of 22%carbamide perox, and bleaching both arches simultaneously with 22% carbohydrates peroxide.
Effect of bleaching agents on dentin permeability to Streptococcus faecalis.
TLDR
It seems that bleaching agents containing hydrogen peroxide in high concentrations may increase bacterial penetration through dentinal tubules in a manner similar to that caused by bleaching-associated root resorption.
Peroxide interactions with hard tissues: effects on surface hardness and surface/subsurface ultrastructural properties.
TLDR
These studies support: (1) the safety of Crest Whitestrips formulas for enamel surfaces and tooth subsurfaces; and (2) the generic safety of peroxide bleaching of hard tissues associated with conditions of both recommended use and overuse.
Effects of three concentrations of carbamide peroxide on the structure of enamel.
TLDR
The results revealed that 10% or 16% carbamide peroxide did not seem to effect the structure of enamel, whereas 35%carbamide did affect the structure, and the use of lower concentrations of carbamideperoxide (10-16%) is recommended over higher concentrations (35%) to avoid changes to the enamel.
Effect of bleaching on restorative materials and restorations--a systematic review.
TLDR
Advice is provided based on the current literature to minimize the impact of bleaching therapies on restorative materials and restorations.
Cytotoxicity and Dentin Permeability of Carbamide Peroxide and Hydrogen Peroxide Vital Bleaching Materials, in vitro
TLDR
Inhibition of succinyl dehydrogenase activity corresponded to the amount of hydrogen peroxide that can rapidly diffuse through dentin in vitro and reach concentrations which are toxic to cultured cells in less than 1 h.
...
1
2
3
4
5
...