Undesirable and adverse effects of tooth-whitening products: a review

@article{Goldberg2009UndesirableAA,
  title={Undesirable and adverse effects of tooth-whitening products: a review},
  author={Michel E. Goldberg and Martin Grootveld and Edward Lynch},
  journal={Clinical Oral Investigations},
  year={2009},
  volume={14},
  pages={1-10}
}
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a powerful oxidising agent. It gives rise to agents known to be effective bleaching agents. The mechanisms of bleaching involve the degradation of the extracellular matrix and oxidation of chromophores located within enamel and dentin. However, H2O2 produces also local undesirable effects on tooth structures and oral mucosa. In clinical conditions, the daily low-level doses used to produce tooth whitening never generate general acute and sub-acute toxic effects… 
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238 Citations
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238 Citations

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Sensitivity in Dental Bleaching and the Use of Anti-Inflammatory Agents
TLDR
The role of anti-inflammatory medications in reducing the sensitivity caused by tooth bleaching is discussed, and only ibuprofen seems to reduce tooth sensitivity from bleaching.
Effectiveness and Adverse Effects of Over-the-Counter Whitening Products on Dental Tissues
TLDR
There is no sound evidence that any of the described OTC products promote a better bleaching effect than the products indicated for a professional, and their effectiveness in terms of bleaching is questioned.
In Vivo Effects of Two In-Office Vital Tooth Bleaching Systems on Enamel Permeability
TLDR
The collected data suggest that hydrogen peroxide treatment increases the enamel permeability, and this could be related with tooth sensitivity, whereas the carbamide peroxide solution increases the formation of precipitates on the tooth enamel.
Toxicity and efficiency study of plant extracts-based bleaching agents
TLDR
Experimental gels induced significantly better viability and apoptosis rates, lower lipid peroxidation, and increased antioxidant defense, compared to Opalescence, and open new possibilities for the use of new natural products in dental bleaching treatments that can insure significant esthetic results and lower side effects.
Effects on gastric mucosa induced by dental bleaching – an experimental study with 6% hydrogen peroxide in rats
TLDR
It seems that there are some signs of toxicity 3 to 4 days after administration of 6% hydrogen peroxide, which is similar to that seen in other studies of tooth whitening products when they are swallowed.
Tooth whitening: From the established treatments to novel approaches to prevent side effects.
OBJECTIVE The aim is to review the most important aspects about tooth whitening treatments, their side effects, and the new emerging approaches to overcome them. OVERVIEW This review is focused on…
Calcium Phosphate Microspheres as a Delivery Vehicle for Tooth-Bleaching Agents
TLDR
Results showed that the spheres could be used as a carrier for carbamide peroxide and that the amount of spheres did not affect the diffusivity of peroxide through the enamel discs, suggesting that the microspheres are considered promising as an additive to minimize side effects in bleaching gel formulation.
Bleaching and enamel surface interactions resulting from the use of highly-concentrated bleaching gels.
Genotoxic potential of 10% and 16% carbamide peroxide in dental bleaching.
TLDR
When bleaching is not prolonged or not performed very frequently, bleaching agents containing carbamide peroxide alone will not cause mutagenic stress on gingival epithelial cells, and a slight increase in MN was observed for both groups, in comparison with the baseline, at 15 days.
Clinical Evaluation of Genotoxicity of In-office Bleaching.
TLDR
The in-office bleaching did not induce DNA damage to the gingival and lip tissue during the bleaching period, and effective whitening was observed, most of the participants experienced TS.
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