Time course for bone formation with long-term external mechanical loading.

@article{Cullen2000TimeCF,
  title={Time course for bone formation with long-term external mechanical loading.},
  author={Diane M. Cullen and R. T. Smith and Mohammed P. Akhter},
  journal={Journal of applied physiology},
  year={2000},
  volume={88 6},
  pages={
          1943-8
        }
}
Increased mechanical loading of bone with the rat tibia four-point bending device stimulates bone formation on periosteal and endocortical surfaces. With long-term loading cell activity diminishes, and it has been reported that early gains in bone size may reverse. This study examined the time course for bone cellular and structural response after 6, 12, and 18 wk of loading at 1,200-1, 700 microstrain (muepsilon). Bone formation rates, measured by histomorphometry, were compared within groups… 
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The number of loading cycles and loading duration modulate the cancellous response by increasing bone volume fraction and thickening trabeculae to reduce the strains experienced in the bone tissue with loading and stiffen the tissue in the loading direction.
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TLDR
An improved mechanobiological model of bone morphogenesis and functional adaptation that includes the influences of periosteum tension and pressure on bone formation and resorption is developed and suggests that intracortical stresses dictate bone size, whereasPeriosteal pressures may work in combination with intracORTical stresses and other Mechanobiological factors in the development of local bone cross-sectional shapes.
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TLDR
An improved empirical model is presented which attempts to establish a relation between bone modelling parameters mineral apposition rate (MAR) and mineralising surface (MS/BS), and cyclic loading parameters and indicates that the proposed model has better accuracy in terms of prediction as compared to the state-of-the-art models involving only one bone modelling parameter i.e., MAR.
Effects of eldecalcitol on cortical bone response to mechanical loading in rats
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Bone formation parameters were highest in the ED-H group, and the effects of eldecalcitol on bone formation rate were significant at the endocortical surface, and a synergistic effect was observed in a rat model.
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