The prototypical pride expression: development of a nonverbal behavior coding system.

@article{Tracy2007ThePP,
  title={The prototypical pride expression: development of a nonverbal behavior coding system.},
  author={Jessica L. Tracy and Richard W. Robins},
  journal={Emotion},
  year={2007},
  volume={7 4},
  pages={
          789-801
        }
}
This research provides a systematic analysis of the nonverbal expression of pride. Study 1 manipulated behavioral movements relevant to pride (e.g., expanded posture and head tilt) to identify the most prototypical pride expression and determine the specific components that are necessary and sufficient for reliable recognition. Studies 2 and 3 tested whether the 2 conceptually and empirically distinct facets of pride ("authentic" and "hubristic"; J. L. Tracy & R. W. Robins, 2007a) are… 
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It is found that the pride expression generalizes beyond Western cultures; individuals from a preliterate, highly isolated tribe in Burkina Faso, West Africa, reliably recognized pride, regardless of whether it was displayed by African or American targets.
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