The promise and perils of exhaled breath condensates.

@article{Effros2004ThePA,
  title={The promise and perils of exhaled breath condensates.},
  author={Richard M. Effros and Marshall Barnett Dunning and Julie A Biller and Reza Shaker},
  journal={American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology},
  year={2004},
  volume={287 6},
  pages={
          L1073-80
        }
}
  • R. Effros, M. Dunning, +1 author R. Shaker
  • Published 1 December 2004
  • Environmental Science
  • American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology
The exhaled breath condensate (EBC) approach provides a convenient and noninvasive approach for sampling the pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (ELF). Increased EBC concentrations of more than a dozen inflammatory markers and hydrogen ions have been reported in lung diseases associated with inflammation. However, the usefulness of EBC is compromised by uncertainties concerning the sources of the EBC droplets and by the extreme and variable dilution of ELF droplets with condensed water vapor… 
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131 Citations
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Methods Citations
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Exhaled breath condensate: methodological recommendations and unresolved questions
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The pH of the condensates has been described in bronchial asthma, acute exacerbations, chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD), and in patients with bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis and in chronic cough the pH of EBC was also lower, due to the steroid treatment.
Evaluation of H2O2 and pH in exhaled breath condensate samples: methodical and physiological aspects
Abstract This veterinary study is aimed at further standardization of H2O2 and pH measurements in exhaled breath condensate (EBC). Data obtained in the study provide valuable information for many…
Urea in exhaled breath condensate of uraemics and patients with chronic airway diseases.
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It is suggested that there is no need to normalize non-volatile biomarkers in EBC for urea concentrations to account for inter-individual variability, and in repeated measurements within the same individual, the use of urea either as a normalizing factor or as covariate variable could be proposed to control intra- individual variability.
Concentration of exhaled breath condensate biomarkers after fractionated collection based on exhaled CO2 signal.
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The fractionation of exhaled air may be promising in clinical and occupational medicine and a contribution from the upper airways to oxidative stress biomarkers in apparently healthy subjects is suggested.
Exhaled breath condensate: lessons learned from veterinary medicine.
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This review summarizes information about the collection and the interpretation of EBC results, particularly with respect to proteins, leukotrienes, hydrogen peroxide, urea, ammonia and pH, based on domestic animal studies.
Possible Impact of Salivary Influence on Cytokine Analysis in Exhaled Breath Condensate
TLDR
The results suggest that the salivary influence on the cytokine assessment in EBC may be negligible.
Methodological aspects of exhaled breath condensate collection and analysis.
  • P. Rosias
  • Environmental Science
    Journal of breath research
  • 2012
TLDR
A simplified methodological approach is proposed that highlights the potential influence of the many techniques used before, during and after condensation of exhaled breath and may serve as a methodological checklist for a more systematical approach of EBC research and development.
Methodological improvements for measuring eicosanoids and cytokines in exhaled breath condensate.
Exhaled breath condensate in children: present knowledge and future prospects.
TLDR
Several biomarkers of airway inflammation and oxidative stress have been detected in the EBC of patients, demonstrating the role of different inflammatory pathways in the pathophysiology of respiratory diseases.
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It is concluded that in health, exhaled breath condensate pH is slightly alkaline, held in a narrow range, and is controlled by lower airway source fluid.
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