The position and orientation of total knee replacement components: a comparison of conventional radiographs, transverse 2D-CT slices and 3D-CT reconstruction.

@article{Hirschmann2011ThePA,
  title={The position and orientation of total knee replacement components: a comparison of conventional radiographs, transverse 2D-CT slices and 3D-CT reconstruction.},
  author={Michael Tobias Hirschmann and Praveen Konala and Felix Amsler and Farhad Golshan Iranpour and Niklaus F. Friederich and Justin P. Cobb},
  journal={The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume},
  year={2011},
  volume={93 5},
  pages={
          629-33
        }
}
We studied the intra- and interobserver reliability of measurements of the position of the components after total knee replacement (TKR) using a combination of radiographs and axial two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) reconstructed CT images to identify which method is best for this purpose. A total of 30 knees after primary TKR were assessed by two independent observers (an orthopaedic surgeon and a radiologist) using radiographs and CT scans. Plain radiographs were highly reliable… 
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A comparison of femoral component rotation after total knee arthroplasty in Kanekasu radiographs, axial CT slices and 3D reconstructed images
TLDR
If 3D-CT is available, it should be preferred over 2D- CT and Kanekasu view radiograph for femoral component rotation measurements because it is easier to replicate compared to the surgical transepicondylar axis.
Intra- and interobserver reliability and agreement in three-dimensional computed tomography measurements of component positions after total knee arthroplasty.
Inter-observer reliability of measurements performed on digital long-leg standing radiographs and assessment of validity compared to 3D CT-scan.
Inter- and Intraobserver Reliability of Two-dimensional CT Scan for Total Knee Arthroplasty Component Malrotation
TLDR
The inter- and intraobserver reliability and the repeatability of the measurement of TKA component rotation were variable, raising concern about whether CT scan is diagnostic in the assessment of component malrotation after TKA.
Accuracy of 2D CT-Based Measurements of Rotational Alignment of the Femoral Component for Total Knee Arthroplasty
TLDR
Investigating the accuracy of two-dimensional computed tomography methods for measuring rotational alignment of the femoral component during total knee arthroplasty in comparison to reference values for three-dimensional reconstruction suggested that adding 1° to the mean PCA and CTA values obtained from a single plane of 2D-CT would provide values similar to those obtained from 3D reconstruction.
Two-dimensional planning can result in internal rotation of the femoral component in total knee arthroplasty
TLDR
Significantly, smaller values of the clinical rotation angle and surgical rotation angle were obtained by 2D compared to 3D measurements, which could result in internal rotation of the femoral component even if the surgeon performs the bone cutting precisely.
Interobserver and Intraobserver Reliability of Computed Tomography-Based Three-Dimensional Preoperative Planning for Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty.
Intra- and inter‐observer reliability of implant positioning evaluation on a CT-based three‐dimensional postoperative matching system for total knee arthroplasty
TLDR
The postoperative evaluation of implant position in the coronal and sagittal planes using 3D-CT image matching is reliable and has good reproducibility except for the sagittal alignment assessment of the femoral component.
How to assess femoral and tibial component rotation after total knee arthroplasty with computed tomography: a systematic review
TLDR
This systematic review shows a strong preference for 3D-CT to determine the component’s rotation following a TKA, and the literature shows consensus on the reference points of the femoral component.
Intra- and postoperative assessment of femoral component rotation in total knee arthroplasty: an EKA knee expert group clinical review
TLDR
3D CT images to accurately evaluate the femoral prosthetic component rotation are recommended, especially in unsatisfied patients after TKA, as there is no unquestioned gold standard, but surgeons mostly prefer the measured resection technique using at least two landmarks for cross-checking the rotation.
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