The pathogenesis and treatment of kidney stones.

@article{Coe1992ThePA,
  title={The pathogenesis and treatment of kidney stones.},
  author={Fredric L. Coe and Joan H. Parks and John R. Asplin},
  journal={The New England journal of medicine},
  year={1992},
  volume={327 16},
  pages={
          1141-52
        }
}
ABOUT three fourths of all kidney stones are composed of calcium oxalate1; most calcium oxalate stones also contain a small amount of hydroxyapatite, and 10 to 12 percent contain some uric acid.2 Ten to 20 percent of stones contain struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) produced by a urinary tract infection with bacteria that express the enzyme urease.3 Five percent of stones are pure uric acid, 5 percent contain more than 50 percent hydroxyapatite or calcium monohydrogen phosphate (brushite… 
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Composition of the diet and calcium kidney stones.
  • J. Lemann
  • Materials Science
    The New England journal of medicine
  • 1993
TLDR
The formation of microscopic crystals in the lumen of renal tubules as a result of supersaturation of the luminal fluid with calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate is the first step in the formation of calcium stones.
Evaluation and Medical Management of Kidney Stones
TLDR
Urolithiasis is extremely common in Western societies, developing in up to 10% of men and 3% of women during their lifetimes and in many but not all individuals, the formation of calcium oxalate stones is associated with one or more urinary risk factors that include low urine volume, low pH, hypercalciuria, hyperuricosuria, or hyperoxaluria.
Mechanisms of Stone Formation
TLDR
The potential for macromolecular inhibitors to actually promote stone formation when they are fixed to some intrarenal structure or if they themselves become aggregated into protein–protein complexes is discussed.
Animal Models of Calcium Oxalate Kidney Stone Formation
Basics of Kidney Stones: Dietary Risk Factors of Kidney Stones
TLDR
General recommendations for management and prevention of recurrence of kidney stones include adequate fluid intake, restricting sodium and animal protein intake, and weight loss if necessary.
Assessment of kidney stone and prevalence of its chemical compositions.
TLDR
The study was carried out on the stones that had been sent to the department of Biochemistry to find out the chemical composition of it which can guide treatment and give information that may prevent more stones from forming.
Kidney stones: Composition, frequency and relation to metabolic diagnosis.
TLDR
Analysis of kidney stones composition and the corresponding metabolic diagnosis may provide a scientific basis for the best management and prevention of kidney stone formation, as well as it may help to study the mechanisms of urine stone formation.
Chemical composition of urinary tract stones at the University Hospital of the West Indies.
TLDR
Chemical methods of analysis of the stones has its limitations and should be replaced by more sophisticated methods eg X-ray diffraction crystallography which would give more accurate details of the structure of the Stones.
Urinary calcium oxalate crystal growth inhibitors.
  • E. Worcester
  • Chemistry, Biology
    Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN
  • 1994
TLDR
Urine contains macromolecules that modify these processes and may protect against stone formation, and several have been isolated from urine, including nephrocalcin, an acidic phosphorylated glycoprotein that contains several residues of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid per molecule.
GOUTY DIATHESIS ASSOCIATED WITH URIC ACID STONES OR CALCIUM OXALATE STONES
TLDR
The administration of potassium citrate, an oral alkalizing agent, acts as a potent inhibitor of calcium stone formation and has been used as the mainstay of medical nephrolithiasis management in the last 3 decades.
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TLDR
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