The hygiene theory: fact or fiction?
@article{Sheikh2004TheHT, title={The hygiene theory: fact or fiction?}, author={Aziz Sheikh and David P. Strachan}, journal={Current Opinion in Otolaryngology \& Head and Neck Surgery}, year={2004}, volume={12}, pages={232-236} }
Purpose of reviewThe “hygiene hypothesis” offers a potentially credible and parsimonious explanation for the increasing prevalence of allergy noted in many westernized populations. The authors review recent evidence both for and against this hypothesis. Recent findingsA strong body of epidemiologic evidence indicates that the original observations, namely of a birth order effect and increased risk of atopic disorders in those born into small, affluent households, are robust findings. Improved…
111 Citations
Hygiene Hypothesis: What Is the Current Thinking?
- Medicine, BiologyCurrent Otorhinolaryngology Reports
- 2017
The hygiene hypothesis implies that modern living conditions can be responsible for the rise in the incidences of allergic disease and asthma.
The hygiene hypothesis and atopy: bring back the parasites?
- Biology, MedicineJournal of the American Academy of Dermatology
- 2006
The hygiene hypothesis: does it function worldwide?
- MedicineCurrent opinion in allergy and clinical immunology
- 2005
A systematic review of papers published during 2003–2004 quoted in a Medline search for ‘hygiene hypothesis’ aims to address the question of whether the consensus on the hypothesis is global or whether it applies to all types of allergic or immunologic disease, to any age sample or infectious agent.
Helicobacter, Hygiene, Atopy, and Asthma
- Medicine, BiologyFront. Microbiol.
- 2017
It is concluded that while synergistic interactions between environmental factors in childhood are important determinants of the pathogenesis of atopy, allergy, and asthma; H. pylori infections most likely serve as a biomarker for poor hygienic conditions in childhood.
The immunological basis of the hygiene hypothesis.
- BiologyChemical immunology and allergy
- 2006
The hygiene hypothesis suggests that an early life environment rich in normal microbial flora primes the immune system in the Th1 direction towards clinical balance while a 'sterile' environment rather promotes the development of pathological immune phenotypes.
The hygiene hypothesis and multiple sclerosis
- Medicine, BiologyAnnals of neurology
- 2007
Evidence is summarized suggesting that in the last 50 years the incidence of allergic and autoimmune diseases has increased dramatically, and the most persuasive supporting data for this trend come from conditions such as insulin-dependent diabetes, where acute treatment is life-saving and diagnosis is straightforward.
The role of helminth infections in protection from atopic disorders
- Biology, MedicineCurrent opinion in allergy and clinical immunology
- 2005
An in-depth understanding of the relevant protective mechanisms against allergic disorders will open the possibility of developing novel therapeutics to prevent the allergic march worldwide.
The influence of childhood infections and vaccination on the development of atopy: a systematic review of the direct epidemiological evidence.
- MedicineHomeopathy : the journal of the Faculty of Homeopathy
- 2005
Infections and Autoimmunity
- Medicine, BiologyThe Pediatric infectious disease journal
- 2012
The state of the evidence demonstrating the causative role of infections in ADs is reviewed, which differs from other recently published reviews in that it highlights the point of view of specialists in infectious diseases on this topic.
Mechanisms of the hygiene hypothesis--molecular and otherwise.
- BiologyCurrent opinion in immunology
- 2006
References
SHOWING 1-10 OF 31 REFERENCES
Hygiene hypothesis: fact or fiction?
- MedicineThe Journal of allergy and clinical immunology
- 2003
A systematic epidemiologic appraisal of the current hygiene hypothesis evidence can provide a critical analysis of what is currently known and an investigative blueprint for future studies that can ultimately prove causation and improve recommendations, interventions, and therapies.
The hygiene hypothesis in the development of atopy and asthma--still a matter of controversy?
- Biology, MedicineQJM : monthly journal of the Association of Physicians
- 1998
This ‘hygiene hypothesis’ has now gained wide Th1-type response, particularly intracellular bacteria acceptance as the most plausible explanation of the and viruses, would be the most logical candidates.
Allergy, parasites, and the hygiene hypothesis.
- BiologyScience
- 2002
The induction of a robust anti-inflammatory regulatory network by persistent immune challenge offers a unifying explanation for the observed inverse association of many infections with allergic disorders.
Probiotics in primary prevention of atopic disease: a randomised placebo-controlled trial
- MedicineThe Lancet
- 2001
The inverse relationship between tuberculin responses and atopic disorder
- MedicineAllergy
- 1997
It is possible not only that prevalence of atopie disorders in developed couna decline in infection by M. tuberculosis is a factor associated with the rising prevalence of tuberculosis, but also that atopie diseases might have been lost.
There is no evidence of an inverse relationship between TH2-mediated atopy and TH1-mediated autoimmune disorders: Lack of support for the hygiene hypothesis.
- MedicineThe Journal of allergy and clinical immunology
- 2003
No evidence of an inverse relationship between atopy and patient reports of physician-diagnosed common autoimmune disorders in the adult American population is found, suggesting that the T(H)1/T(H-2 paradigm might be an oversimplification.
IgG antibodies against microorganisms and atopic disease in Danish adults: the Copenhagen Allergy Study.
- MedicineThe Journal of allergy and clinical immunology
- 2003
Investigation of the association between atopy and exposure to 2 groups of food-borne and orofecal microorganisms in Copenhagen, Denmark raised the hypothesis that different groups of eatable microorganisms may have different effects on the risk of atopy.
Family size, infection and atopy: the first decade of the 'hygiene hypothesis'
- MedicineThorax
- 2000
Changes in family size over the last 30 years do not appear to explain much of the reported increase in asthma or hay fever prevalence.
Reduced risk of atopy among school-age children infected with geohelminth parasites in a rural area of the tropics.
- Medicine, BiologyThe Journal of allergy and clinical immunology
- 2003
Active infections with geohelminth parasites and the presence of serologic markers of chronic infections are independent protective factors against allergen skin test reactivity among school-age children living in an endemic region of the rural tropics.
Exposure to foodborne and orofecal microbes versus airborne viruses in relation to atopy and allergic asthma: epidemiological study
- MedicineBMJ : British Medical Journal
- 2000
Respiratory allergy is less frequent in people heavily exposed to orofecal and foodborne microbes andgiene and a westernised, semisterile diet may facilitate atopy by influencing the overall pattern of commensals and pathogens that stimulate the gut associated lymphoid tissue thus contributing to the epidemic of allergic asthma and rhinitis in developed countries.