The biology behind the human intervertebral disc and its endplates.

@article{Tomaszewski2015TheBB,
  title={The biology behind the human intervertebral disc and its endplates.},
  author={Krzysztof A. Tomaszewski and Karolina Saganiak and Tomasz Gładysz and Jerzy A. Walocha},
  journal={Folia morphologica},
  year={2015},
  volume={74 2},
  pages={
          157-68
        }
}
The intervertebral discs (IVDs) are roughly cylindrical, fibrocartilaginous, articulating structures connecting the vertebral bodies, and allowing movement in the otherwise rigid anterior portion of the vertebral column. They also transfer loads and dissipate energy. Macroscopically the intervertebral disc can be divided into an outer annulus fibrosus surrounding a centrally located nucleus pulposus. The endplates surround the IVD from both the cranial and caudal ends, and separate them from… 
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Validation of the intervertebral disc histological degeneration score in cervical intervertebral discs and their end plates.
Development, Pathogenesis, and Regeneration of the Intervertebral Disc: Current and Future Insights Spanning Traditional to Omics Methods
TLDR
Current knowledge base on IVD development, degeneration, and regenerative strategies taken from traditional genetic approaches and omics studies are summarized and the future landscape of investigations in IVD research and advancement of clinical therapies are discussed.
Mechanobiology of annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus cells in intervertebral discs
TLDR
Mechanobiological studies of IVD cells (specifically, annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus cells) are compiled and synthesized and discussed the key findings of the field.
The influence of artificial nucleus pulposus replacement on stress distribution in the cartilaginous endplate in a 3-dimensional finite element model of the lumbar intervertebral disc
TLDR
Evidence is provided suggesting that NP replacement, vertebral stress, and bulging displacement are lower than that of degenerative IVD and IVD with NP removal under different motion states.
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TLDR
The studies reviewed support the notion that tissue-engineering-based strategies resorting to decellularised IVD may represent a major advancement in the treatment of disc degeneration and consequent LBP.
The Endplate Role in Degenerative Disc Disease Research: The Isolation of Human Chondrocytes from Vertebral Endplate—An Optimised Protocol
TLDR
A relatively quick and easy protocol for isolating human chondrocytes from the vertebral endplates will permit the study of cell properties, biochemical aspects, the potential of therapeutic candidates for the treatment of disc degeneration, and toxicology studies in a well-controlled environment.
Age- and degeneration-related variations in cell density and glycosaminoglycan content in the human cervical intervertebral disc and its endplates.
TLDR
Detailed 3D maps of cervical IVD and endplate cell density and GAG content are introduced and it shows that cervical IVDs and their endplates only slightly differ, in terms of celldensity and G AG content, from lumbar IVDs.
Tissue-Engineering of Human Intervertebral Disc: A Concise Review.
TLDR
Aim of this narrative review is to critically summarize current published evidence regarding particular aspects of IVD-TE, primarily emphasizing in providing researchers in this field with practicable knowledge in order to enhance clinical translatability of their research and informing clinical practitioners about the features and capabilities of innovative TE science in the field of IVd-TE.
Osteoporosis therapies might lead to intervertebral disc degeneration via affecting cartilage endplate.
Adrenoceptor Expression during Intervertebral Disc Degeneration
TLDR
For the first time, the existence and functionality of ARs were demonstrated in IVD tissue samples, suggesting that the sympathicus might play a role in IVDD.
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