The Roles of Placental Growth Hormone and Placental Lactogen in the Regulation of Human Fetal Growth and Development

@article{Handwerger2000TheRO,
  title={The Roles of Placental Growth Hormone and Placental Lactogen in the Regulation of Human Fetal Growth and Development},
  author={Stuart Handwerger and Michael Freemark},
  journal={Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism},
  year={2000},
  volume={13},
  pages={343 - 356}
}
The human growth hormone (hGH)/human placental lactogen (hPL) gene family, which consists of two GH and three PL genes, is important in the regulation of maternal and fetal metabolism and the growth and development of the fetus. During pregnancy, pituitary GH (hGH-N) expression in the mother is suppressed; and hGH-V, a GH variant expressed by the placenta, becomes the predominant GH in the mother. hPL, which is the product of the hPL-A and hPL-B genes, is secreted into both the maternal and… Expand
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Human placental growth hormone in normal and abnormal fetal growth
TLDR
The association of PGH alterations in maternal circulation and placental expression in pregnancy complications associated with abnormal fetal growth is briefly reviewed and the potential combination of autocrine and paracrine mechanisms are reviewed. Expand
The Placental Variant of Human Growth Hormone Reduces Maternal Insulin Sensitivity in a Dose-Dependent Manner in C57BL/6J Mice.
TLDR
The findings suggest that at higher doses, GH-V treatment can cause hyperinsulinemia and is a likely mediator of the insulin resistance associated with late pregnancy. Expand
Endocrine regulation of human fetal growth: the role of the mother, placenta, and fetus.
TLDR
Endocrine regulation of fetal growth involves interactions between the mother, placenta, and fetus, and these effects may program long-term physiology. Expand
The Role of the Human Growth Hormone Gene Family in Pregnancy
TLDR
The scope of this chapter is to describe the differences of the biochemical and physiological roles of the hormones coded in this locus during pregnancy, the repercussions of their deficiencies, and role in some of the most prevalent pathologies during pregnancy affecting either the mother or the fetus. Expand
Growth promoting effects of human placental lactogen during early organogenesis: a link to insulin‐like growth factors
TLDR
There may be a possible link between the IGFs and the effects of hPL on rat embryonic development and this hormone may achieve its growth promoting effects via IGFs. Expand
Placental Lactogen as a Marker of Maternal Obesity, Diabetes, and Fetal Growth Abnormalities: Current Knowledge and Clinical Perspectives
TLDR
PL concentration measurement could be useful in the prediction of fetal macrosomia in women with normal oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) results or in evaluating the risk of fetal growth restriction, but its application in standard clinical practice seems to be limited in the era of ultrasonography. Expand
Differential expression profile of growth hormone/chorionic somatomammotropin genes in placenta of small- and large-for-gestational-age newborns.
TLDR
The expression profile of placental hGH/CSH genes in placenta is altered in pregnancies accompanied by SGA and LGA compared with AGA newborns, and thus, it may directly affect the circulating fetal and maternal placental GH and placental lactogen levels. Expand
The neglected role of insulin-like growth factors in the maternal circulation regulating fetal growth
TLDR
Understanding the role of maternal IGFs during pregnancy is essential in order to identify mechanisms underlying altered fetal growth and offspring programming. Expand
Review: placental homeobox genes and their role in regulating human fetal growth.
TLDR
A better understanding of molecular pathways driven by placental homeOBox genes and further elucidation of signaling pathways underlying the hormone-mediated homeobox gene developmental programs may offer novel strategies of targeted therapy for improving feto-placental growth in idiopathic FGR pregnancies. Expand
CHAPTER 53 – Placental Endocrine Function
The placenta produces a number of hormones that are not otherwise synthesized in the organism, suggesting that a distinct set of hormones are required to bring about the physiological changes of… Expand
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TLDR
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