The Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Boxing

@article{Mendez1995TheNA,
  title={The Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Boxing},
  author={Mario F. Mendez},
  journal={The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine},
  year={1995},
  volume={25},
  pages={249 - 262}
}
  • M. Mendez
  • Published 1 September 1995
  • Psychology, Medicine
  • The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine
Objective: To review the neuropsychiatry of boxing. Method: This update considers the clinical, neuropsychological, diagnostic, neurobiological, and management aspects of boxing-related brain injury. Results: Professional boxers with multiple bouts and repeated head blows are prone to chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). Repeated head blows produce rotational acceleration of the brain, diffuse axonal injury, and other neuropathological features. CTE includes motor changes such as tremor… 
View on SAGE
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
136 Citations
Highly Influential Citations
7
Background Citations
51
Results Citations
1

136 Citations

Citation Type

Citation Type

Chronic traumatic brain injury associated with boxing.
TLDR
The mainstay of treatment of CTBI is prevention, however medications used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and/or parkinsonism may be utilized.
Subdural hematomas in boxing: the spectrum of consequences.
TLDR
Six boxers who were evaluated for SDH sustained during participation in the sport, and who experienced remarkably different outcomes are described, including one boxer died within 48 hours of her injury and at least two suffered permanent neurological deficits.
Acute Traumatic Brain Injury in Amateur Boxing
TLDR
Participation in amateur boxing matches may diminish neurocognitive functioning despite the use of headgear, and guidelines are needed to reduce the risk for repeated ATBI.
Neuroimaging findings and brain-behavioral correlates in a former boxer with chronic traumatic brain injury
TLDR
The structural and functional neuroimaging findings and clinical presentation of a CTBI case are described and hypotheses about the pathophysiology of the observed neuroim imaging findings and their relationship to the neuropsychiatric symptoms of the patients are proposed.
Neuropsychological, Metabolic, and GABAA Receptor Studies in Subjects with Repetitive Traumatic Brain Injury.
TLDR
Cognitive impairment and motor dysfunction reflect chronic damage to neurons in professional boxers with rTBI, similar to findings in Alzheimer's disease.
What boxing tells us about repetitive head trauma and the brain
TLDR
A recently launched prospective cohort study of professional fighters, the Professional Fighters Brain Health Study, attempts to overcome some of the problems in studying fighters by reviewing the cross-sectional results from the first year.
Severe Suicidality in Athletes with Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: A Case Series and Overview on Putative Ethiopathogenetic Mechanisms
TLDR
Clinical pictures to improve the identification of patients with CTE and potential mechanistic insights to refine the knowledge of eventual severe SB development are provided to enable its earlier prevention.
The Clinical Presentation of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy
TLDR
Standard neuroimaging may show nonspecific atrophic changes; however, newer imaging modalities such as positron emission tomography (PET) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) show promise.
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy and its Variant“Dementia Pugilistica”: A Review
Dementia Pugilistica (DP) is the initial term used to characterize a progressive cognitive deterioration, as result of multiple concussions, occurring in boxers, who have ended their professional…
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy and Movement Disorders: Update
TLDR
The aim of this review is to compare clinical and pathological aspects of DP and CTE with a focus on disorders of movement.
...
1
2
3
4
5
...

References

SHOWING 1-10 OF 74 REFERENCES
Boxers--computed tomography, EEG, and neurological evaluation.
TLDR
Computed tomography and EEG of the brain should be considered as part of a regular neurological examination for active boxers and, if possible, before and after each match, to detect not only the effects of acute life-threatening brain trauma such as subdural hematomas and brain hemorrhages, but the more subtle and debilitating long-term changes of cerebral atrophy.
Does Swedish amateur boxing lead to chronic brain damage? 2. A retrospective study with CT and MRI
TLDR
No significant differences in the width of the ventricular system, anterior horn index, width of cortical sulci, signs of vermian atrophy, or the occurrence of a cavum septum pellucidum were found between boxers and controls.
Neurologic aspects of boxing.
TLDR
The prevention of neurologic injuries in boxing requires the integration of proper neurologic evaluation by qualified ring-side physicians, the design and utilization of effective protective devices, and the establishment of national regulatory agencies.
Does amateur boxing lead to chronic brain damage?
TLDR
No signs of serious chronic brain damage were found among any of the groups studied, however, the electroencepha lography and finger-tapping differences between the groups might indicate slight brain dysfunction in some of the amateur boxers.
The significance of diagnostic imaging in acute and chronic brain damage in boxing. A prospective study in amateur boxing using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
TLDR
Among the 13 boxes, 5 demonstrated focal neurological signs following the fights, without evidence of small hematoma or other structural alterations, indicating that up to now imaging methods cannot clarify the development of chronic encephalopathy.
Boxing and chronic brain damage.
TLDR
A chronic, and at times, progressive neurologic syndrome associated with boxing has been recognized for some time by boxing fans and people involved with the sport, and there is clearly a discrepancy between subclinical evidence of neurologic involvement and signs of clinical neurologic dysfunction.
Boxing injuries: neurologic, radiologic, and neuropsychologic evaluation.
TLDR
There have been few, if any, meaningful actions taken by the promoters of boxing to correct the conditions under which boxers are subjected to physical abuse and the established medical injuries create an atmosphere that is conducive to following the call for the consideration of a ban of boxing.
IS CHRONIC BRAIN DAMAGE IN BOXING A HAZARD OF THE PAST?
TLDR
The results indicate that modern medical control of boxing cannot prevent chronic brain injuries but may create a dangerous illusion of safety.
Clinical neurological examination, neuropsychology, electroencephalography and computed tomographic head scanning in active amateur boxers.
TLDR
Twenty active amateur boxers were studied seeking evidence of neurological dysfunction and, if present, the best method for detecting it and neuropsychometry was the best methods for detecting neurological dysfunction.
Neurological injuries in boxers: the use of tests.
TLDR
The New York State Athletic Commission has adopted an approach that requires an electroencephalogram and cranial computed tomographic scan as conditions for licensure, which has low sensitivity and specificity for the types of chronic damage to the brain.
...
1
2
3
4
5
...