The Mathematical Theory of Communication

@article{Shannon1949TheMT,
  title={The Mathematical Theory of Communication},
  author={Claude E. Shannon and Warren Weaver and Norbert Wiener},
  journal={Physics Today},
  year={1949},
  volume={3},
  pages={31-32}
}
HE recent development of various methods of modulation such as PCM and PPM which exchange bandwidth for signal-to-noise ratio has intensified the interest in a general theory of communication. A basis for such a theory is contained in the important papers of Nyquist1 and Hartley2 on this subject. In the present paper we will extend the theory to include a number of new factors, in particular the effect of noise in the channel, and the savings possible due to the statistical structure of the… 
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