• DOI:10.1088/1741-4326/ABF99F
• Corpus ID: 227016240

The JOREK non-linear extended MHD code and applications to large-scale instabilities and their control in magnetically confined fusion plasmas

@article{Hoelzl2021TheJN,
  title={The JOREK non-linear extended MHD code and applications to large-scale instabilities and their control in magnetically confined fusion plasmas},
  author={Matthias Hoelzl and G. T. A. Huijsmans and S. J. P. Pamela and Marina Becoulet and Eric Nardon and F. J. Artola and Boniface Nkonga and C. V. Atanasiu and Vinodh Bandaru and Ashish Bhole and Daniele Bonfiglio and A. Cathey and Olivier Czarny and A. Dvornova and Tam{\'a}s Feh{\'e}r and A. Fil and Emmanuel Franck and Shimpei Futatani and M. Gruca and Herv{\'e} Guillard and J. W. Haverkort and Ihor Holod and D. Hu and Sk Kim and S. Q. Korving and Leon Kos and I. Krebs and L. Kripner and Guillaume Latu and Fushou Liu and P. Merkel and Dmytro Meshcheriakov and V. Mitterauer and S. Mochalskyy and J. Morales and R. Nies and Nikita Nikulsin and F. Orain and Dejan Penko and Jane Pratt and R. Ramasamy and Pierre Ramet and C{\'e}dric Reux and N Schwarz and Prabal Singh Verma and S.F. Smith and Cristian Sommariva and Erika Strumberger and DC vanVugt and Martijn G Verbeek and Egbert Westerhof and F. Wieschollek and Jeffery Zielinski},
  journal={Nuclear Fusion},
  year={2021},
  volume={61}
}

• M. Hoelzl, G. Huijsmans, +50 authors J. Zielinski
• Published 18 November 2020
• Physics
• Nuclear Fusion

JOREK is a massively parallel fully implicit non-linear extended magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) code for realistic tokamak X-point plasmas. It has become a widely used versatile simulation code for studying large-scale plasma instabilities and their control and is continuously developed in an international community with strong involvements in the European fusion research programme and ITER organization. This article gives a comprehensive overview of the physics models implemented, numerical methods applied for solving the equations and physics studies performed with the code. A dedicated section highlights some of the verification work done for the code. A hierarchy of different physics models is available including a free boundary and resistive wall extension and hybrid kinetic-fluid models. The code allows for flux-surface aligned iso-parametric finite element grids in single and double X-point plasmas which can be extended to the true physical walls and uses a robust fully implicit time stepping. Particular focus is laid on plasma edge and scrape-off layer (SOL) physics as well as disruption related phenomena. Among the key results obtained with JOREK regarding plasma edge and SOL, are deep insights into the dynamics of edge localized modes (ELMs), ELM cycles, and ELM control by resonant magnetic perturbations, pellet injection, as well as by vertical magnetic kicks. Also ELM free regimes, detachment physics, the generation and transport of impurities during an ELM, and electrostatic turbulence in the pedestal region are investigated. Regarding disruptions, the focus is on the dynamics of the thermal quench (TQ) and current quench triggered by massive gas injection and shattered pellet injection, runaway electron (RE) dynamics as well as the RE interaction with MHD modes, and vertical displacement events. Also the seeding and suppression of tearing modes (TMs), the dynamics of naturally occurring TQs triggered by locked modes, and radiative collapses are being studied.