The Further Evolution of Cooperation

@article{Axelrod1988TheFE,
  title={The Further Evolution of Cooperation},
  author={Robert Axelrod and Douglas Dion},
  journal={Science},
  year={1988},
  volume={242},
  pages={1385 - 1390}
}
Axelrod's model of the evolution of cooperation was based on the iterated Prisoner's Dilemma. Empirical work following this approach has helped establish the prevalence of cooperation based on reciprocity. Theoretical work has led to a deeper understanding of the role of other factors in the evolution of cooperation: the number of players, the range of possible choices, variation in the payoff structure, noise, the shadow of the future, population dynamics, and population structure. 
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794 Citations
Highly Influential Citations
21
Background Citations
231
Methods Citations
47
Results Citations
7

794 Citations

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The Prisoner's Dilemma has been widely studied as a model for the evolution of cooperation, yet there are important differences between this case and that of "all or nothing" cooperation.
The Evolution of Degrees of Cooperation
The Prisoner’s Dilemma has been widely studied as a model for the evolution of cooperation, and most of this work has dealt with agents who either cooperate or not. In this paper we look at the…
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Twenty Years on: The Evolution of Cooperation Revisited
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His and subsequent work provide a valuable general framework for the analysis of the conditions promoting cooperative play, and this literature makes important methodological innovations through the evolutionary analysis of boundedly-rational interaction and learning using computer simulations.
Stochastic strategies in the Prisoner's Dilemma
Evolution of Cooperation in N-player Social Dilemmas: The Importance of being Mobile
TLDR
This paper presents results that compare the outcomes using the classical two player prisoner's dilemma and a generalised N-player prisoner’s dilemma, and explores the effect that agent density has on the evolution of cooperation in the environment.
The Evolution of Cooperation Revisited
Robert Axelrod's seminal round-robin computer tournaments for the repeated prisoner's dilemma have been hailed as the explanation of the evolution of cooperation. In this paper, Axelrod's results are…
Cooperation in heterogeneous populations
TLDR
Both the analysis of monomorphic and heteromorphic populations show that the reciprocal strategy Tit For Tat acts like a pivot: it triggers an evolution towards cooperation, but is not the ultimate beneficiary of such an evolution.
The impact of noise on iterated prisoner's dilemma with multiple levels of cooperation
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  • Physics
    Proceedings of the 2004 Congress on Evolutionary Computation (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8753)
  • 2004
TLDR
It is shown that noise has a negative impact on the evolution of cooperation, but could improve, surprisingly, the evolutionary stability.
The coevolution of automata in the repeated Prisoner's Dilemma
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References

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TLDR
A model is developed based on the concept of an evolutionarily stable strategy in the context of the Prisoner's Dilemma game to show how cooperation based on reciprocity can get started in an asocial world, can thrive while interacting with a wide range of other strategies, and can resist invasion once fully established.
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TLDR
It is argued that no pure strategy can be evolutionarily stable in the repeated Prisoner's Dilemma game, which casts doubt on several of Axelrod's conclusions about the evolution of reciprocity.
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Axelrod has developed an evolutionary approach to the study of repeated games and applied that approach to the Prisoners' Dilemma. We apply this approach, with some modifications in the treatment of…
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There has been a growing number of theoretical as well as experimental investigations on the emergence of evolutionarily stable cooperative strategies in the iterated Prisoner's Dilemma game. From a…
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The tit-for-tat strategy in iterated prisoners' dilemma games is examined in the presence of disturbances. It is shown that performance deteriorates drastically at arbitrarily low noise levels. The…
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