Tetracyclines: antibiotic action, uptake, and resistance mechanisms

@article{Schnappinger1996TetracyclinesAA,
  title={Tetracyclines: antibiotic action, uptake, and resistance mechanisms},
  author={Dirk Schnappinger and Wolfgang Prof.Dr. Hillen},
  journal={Archives of Microbiology},
  year={1996},
  volume={165},
  pages={359-369}
}
Tetracyclines probably penetrate bacterial cells by passive diffusion and inhibit bacterial growth by interfering with protein synthesis or by destroying the membrane. A growing number of various bacterial species acquire resistance to the bacteriostatic activity of tetracycline. The two widespread mechanisms of bacterial resistance do not destroy tetracycline: one is mediated by efflux pumps, the other involves an EF-G-like protein that confers ribosome protection. Oxidative destruction of… 
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The enzyme TetX not only catalyzed efficient degradation of a broad range of tetracycline analogues but also conferred resistance to these antibiotics in vivo, the first molecular characterization of an antibiotic-inactivating monooxygenase.
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Functions of tetracycline efflux proteins that do not involve tetracycline.
TLDR
The use of K+ as an external coupling ion may contribute not only to the organism's K+ uptake capacity but also to its ability to exclude Na+ and Tc at elevated pH values.
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