TNF-α and insulin resistance: Summary and future prospects

@article{Peraldi2004TNFAI,
  title={TNF-$\alpha$ and insulin resistance: Summary and future prospects},
  author={Pascal Peraldi and Bruce M Spiegelman},
  journal={Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry},
  year={2004},
  volume={182},
  pages={169-175}
}
While the causes of obesity remain elusive, the relationship between obesity and insulin resistance is a well-established fact [1]. Insulin resistance is defined as a smaller than normal response to a certain dose of insulin, and contributes to several pathological problems of obese patients such as hyperlipidemia, arteriosclerosis and hypertension. Several pieces of evidence indicate that the cytokine tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-α) is an important player in the state of insulin resistance… 
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The role of TNF-α in insulin resistance
TLDR
This review will discuss the regulation of insulin responses by TNF-α and evidence supporting the hypothesis that over expression of T NF-α plays a role in the pathophysiology of insulin resistance, and discuss the role of fat, especially visceral fat, as an endocrine organ.
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It is revealed that hypertensive patients have insulin resistance and higher TNF-α levels, but there is no relation between TNF -α levels and insulin resistance.
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It seems that resistin may be linked with inflammation and obesity and, indirectly, with insulin resistance in obese women with and without insulin resistance.
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TLDR
The anti‐inflammatory activity of the thiazolidinedione anti‐diabetic agents is potentially beneficial, given the possible role of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in linking insulin resistance with β‐cell dysfunction.
Role of the Adipocyte in Type 2 Diabetes
TLDR
The conclusions drawn from this research implicate the adipocyte as a central player in the development of insulin resistance, affecting muscle and liver of individuals with excess adipose tissue, and attention is given to the nuclear hormone receptor PPAR-γ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ) which is a master regulator of adipocyte differentiation and the target of the thiazolidinedione family of antidiabetic drugs.
Metabolic Syndrome and Inflammation
TLDR
The evolving concept of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and hypertension as having common inflammatory components provides new opportunities for developing strategies, currently underway, to correct the metabolic consequences of metabolic syndrome and chronic inflammation.
Association of adipokines with obesity in children and adolescents.
TLDR
Circulating levels of adipokines vary in obesity and adiponectin and visfatin are associated with obesity.
Adipokines and dementia
Changes in serum adipokines profile and insulin resistance in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with anti-TNF-α
TLDR
Anti-TNF-α agents could have a crucial role in modifying the impact of lipid profile and glucose levels dysregulation in RA patients and may be a potential strategy for the prevention of metabolic syndrome.
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References

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TLDR
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TLDR
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