TGFβ ligands promote the initiation of retinal ganglion cell dendrites in vitro and in vivo 

@article{Hocking2008TGFLP,
  title={TGF$\beta$ ligands promote the initiation of retinal ganglion cell dendrites in vitro and in vivo
},
  author={Jennifer C. Hocking and Carrie Lynn Hehr and Ruoh-Yeng Chang and Jillian Johnston and Sarah McFarlane},
  journal={Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience},
  year={2008},
  volume={37},
  pages={247-260}
}
Each type of neuron develops a unique morphology critical to its function, but almost all start with the basic plan of one long axon and multiple short, branched dendrites. Though extrinsic signals are known to direct many steps in the development of neuronal structure, little is understood about the initiation of processes, particularly dendrites. We find that Xenopus retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) explanted early will extend axons and not dendrites in dissociated cultures. If RGCs develop… 
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Transcriptional Responses of Cultured Rat Sympathetic Neurons during BMP-7-Induced Dendritic Growth
TLDR
This study provides a unique dataset that will be useful in generating testable hypotheses regarding transcriptional control of the initial stages of dendritic growth in naïve vs. BMP-treated sympathetic neurons and implicates both established and novel genes and signaling pathways in primary dendritogenesis.
LIMK1 acts downstream of BMP signaling in developing retinal ganglion cell axons but not dendrites.
TLDR
The fact that manipulation of LIMK1 activity failed to alter dendrite growth suggests that BMPs may activate distinct signalling pathways in axons and dendrites, which is critical for proper extension of the vertebrate nervous system.
Growth differentiation factor 5 is a key physiological regulator of dendrite growth during development
TLDR
In vivo, the apical and basal dendritic arbours of pyramidal cells throughout the hippocampus were markedly stunted in both homozygous and heterozygous Gdf5 null mutants, indicating that dendrite size and complexity are exquisitely sensitive to the level of endogenous GDF5 synthesis.
Extrinsic factors as multifunctional regulators of retinal ganglion cell morphogenesis
TLDR
Data are discussed which argue that the visual system uses a limited number of signals to control RGC morphogenesis, with single molecules being reused multiple times to control distinct events in axon and dendrite outgrowth.
Dendrite Complexity of Sympathetic Neurons Is Controlled during Postnatal Development by BMP Signaling
TLDR
An in vivo function for BMPs is demonstrated in the generation of mature sympathetic neuron dendrites by using a conditional knock-out strategy to eliminate Bmpr1a and Smad4 in immature noradrenergic sympathetic neurons.
Neuropilin-1 biases dendrite polarization in the retina
TLDR
It is shown in vivo that neuropilin-1 and its co-receptor plexinA1 (Plxna1) are necessary to bias the extension of the dendrites of retinal ganglion cells to the apical side of the cell, and ectopically expressed class III semaphorins (Sema3s) disrupt this process.
Neural activity and branching of embryonic retinal ganglion cell dendrites
TLDR
Xenopus laevis RGCs developing in vivo were made to express either a delayed rectifier type voltage-gated potassium (KV) channel, Xenopus Kv1.1, or a human inward rectifying channel, Kir2.1 to indicate that membrane excitability regulates the earliest differentiation of RGC dendritic arbors.
Distinct roles for Robo2 in the regulation of axon and dendrite growth by retinal ganglion cells
TLDR
It is proposed that Robo signalling can have distinct functions in the axon and dendrites of the same cell, and that the specific combinations of Robo receptors could underlie these differences.
Neuronal and Astroglial TGFβ-Smad3 Signaling Pathways Differentially Regulate Dendrite Growth and Synaptogenesis
TLDR
Evidence is provided for the first time that TGFβ-Smad3 signaling pathways within neuron and astrocyte differentially regulate dendrite growth and synaptogenesis, and this pathway may be involved in the pathogenesis of some central nervous system diseases, such as epilepsy.
Establishment of axon-dendrite polarity in developing neurons.
TLDR
The recent data supporting an integrative model whereby extracellular cues orchestrate the intracellular signaling underlying the initial break of neuronal symmetry leading to axon-dendrite polarization are synthesized.
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