Symmetric Tragedies: Commons and Anticommons*

@article{Buchanan2000SymmetricTC,
  title={Symmetric Tragedies: Commons and Anticommons*},
  author={James M. Buchanan and Yong J. Yoon},
  journal={The Journal of Law and Economics},
  year={2000},
  volume={43},
  pages={1 - 14}
}
An anticommons problem arises when there exist multiple rights to exclude. In a lengthy law review paper, Michael A. Heller has examined “The Tragedy of the Anticommons,” especially in regard to disappointing experiences with efforts to shift from socialist to market institutions in Russia. In an early footnote, Heller suggests that a formal economic model of the anticommons has not been developed. This paper responds to Heller's challenge. We analyze the anticommons problem in which resources… 
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453 Citations

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The Anticommons and the Environment
In 1838 Augustin Cournot defined the concept of a “complementary oligopoly,�? where two (or more) independently held inputs are required in order to produce a single output. He also showed that…
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