Strong circumstantial evidence for ethanol toxicosis in Cedar Waxwings (Bombycilla cedrorum)

@article{Kinde2012StrongCE,
  title={Strong circumstantial evidence for ethanol toxicosis in Cedar Waxwings (Bombycilla cedrorum)},
  author={Hailu Kinde and Eileen Foate and Emily S. Beeler and Fransisco. A. Uzal and Janet D. Moore and R. Poppenga},
  journal={Journal of Ornithology},
  year={2012},
  volume={153},
  pages={995-998}
}
Several flocks of Cedar Waxwings (Bombycilla cedrorum) were found dead after colliding with solid objects such as picture windows, plexiglass, and fences. Necropsy examination revealed that all birds had engorged themselves with over-ripe berries of the Brazilian Pepper Tree (Schinus terebinthifolius) and had hemorrhages in the breast muscles and the coelomic cavity due to hepatic rupture. Microscopic examination of tissues revealed no underlying pathological conditions. Ethanol was detected at… 
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Feeding damage by adults and larvae significantly increased leaf abscission and reduced leaf and root biomass accumulation and growth of potted plants with and without exposure to weevil herbivory was compared over an 11-month period.
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The results presented here suggest that P. onustaria is highly polyphagous, feeding and completing development on members of two related plant families, and is not suitable for biological control of Brazilian peppertree in the U.S.A.
Host range testing and life history of the defoliator Hymenomima nr. memor: an unsuitable biological control agent for Schinus terebinthifolia in the U.S.A.
TLDR
Host range of larvae of Hymenomima nr. memor (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) was examined in quarantine to evaluate its suitability as a biological control of Brazilian peppertree, Schinus terebinthifolia and, due to the broad host range exhibited by H. memor larvae, this species will not be considered as a Biological control agent of S. tere Binhifolia in the continental U.S.A.
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Detailed measurements of ethanol concentrations within fruit and nectar, together with behavioural, physiological, and genomic comparisons among frugivores and nectivores, are now necessary to further test the ‘drunken monkey’ hypothesis.
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The results of this study suggest that birds do not show a preference for fruits with high ethanol concentrations, in conjunction with previous studies.
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This review article is intended to help decision-makers with implementing the guidelines for avoiding this misuse of alcohol with poultry, and researchers to identify low dose effects of ethanol on performance and avian model-related parameters.
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Which species and sources of ethanol are most frequently used by captive and wild birds are investigated and parrots in particular can be potentially good candidates for future restricted laboratory studies on the effect of ethanol on birds and their relationship with humans.
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This chapter discusses Wildlife – declines, supplementary feeding, rehabilitation and disease surveillance, which took place in Scotland 2005-2008, and alternative ways of providing food to garden birds.
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