• DOI:10.1073/pnas.95.19.11039
• Corpus ID: 14378470

String theory.

@article{Greene1994StringT,
  title={String theory.},
  author={Brian Randolph Greene and David R. Morrison and Joseph Polchinski},
  journal={Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
  year={1994},
  volume={95 19},
  pages={
          11039-40
        }
}

• B. Greene, D. Morrison, J. Polchinski
• Published 4 November 1994
• Physics
• Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

Particle physicists have spent much of this century grappling with one basic question in various forms: what are the fundamental degrees of freedom needed to describe nature, and what are the laws that govern their dynamics? First molecules, then atoms, then “elementary particles” such as protons and neutrons all have been revealed to be composite objects whose constituents could be studied as more fundamental degrees of freedom. The current “standard model” of particle physics—which is nearly 25 years old, has much experimental evidence in its favor and is comprised of six quarks, six leptons, four forces, and the as yet unobserved Higgs boson—contains internal indications that it, too, may be just another step along the path toward uncovering the truly fundamental degrees of freedom. The standard model is valid to distances as small as 10−16 cm, and there is some evidence (such as that obtained by extrapolating the strengths of the four forces to determine the distance scale at which they might become indistinguishable) that the next level of structure will be detected only at a distance scale of roughly 10−32 cm, far beyond our abilities to measure in the laboratory.

The study of motion and gravity also has undergone several revisions during this century. Reconciling the Newtonian theory of motion with the experimentally observed constancy of the speed of light required the introduction of special relativity, which quite remarkably insists that space and time are intimately related, much as different faces of the same …