Stressor controllability and learned helplessness: The roles of the dorsal raphe nucleus, serotonin, and corticotropin-releasing factor

@article{Maier2005StressorCA,
  title={Stressor controllability and learned helplessness: The roles of the dorsal raphe nucleus, serotonin, and corticotropin-releasing factor},
  author={Steven F. Maier and Linda R. Watkins},
  journal={Neuroscience \& Biobehavioral Reviews},
  year={2005},
  volume={29},
  pages={829-841}
}
  • S. Maier, L. Watkins
  • Published 2005
  • Psychology, Medicine
  • Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
The term 'learned helplessness' refers to a constellation of behavioral changes that follow exposure to stressors that are not controllable by means of behavioral responses, but that fail to occur if the stressor is controllable. This paper discusses the nature of learned helplessness, as well as the role of the dorsal raphe nucleus, serotonin, and corticotropin-releasing hormone in mediating the behavioral effects of uncontrollable stressors. Recent research indicates that (a) uncontrollable… Expand
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Evidence suggesting that plasticity within the serotonergic dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) is critical to the expression of uncontrollable stressor-induced anxiety is reviewed, with evidence that the controllability of stress, the presence of safety signals, and a history of exercise mitigate the expression. Expand
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This review of animal models in which MDD-like behavioral changes are elicited by exposure to an acute traumatic event during adulthood, learned helplessness (LH) and conditioned defeat, discusses the relevance of these data in developing a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying trauma-related depression. Expand
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