Steroid biosynthesis in prokaryotes: identification of myxobacterial steroids and cloning of the first bacterial 2,3(S)‐oxidosqualene cyclase from the myxobacterium Stigmatella aurantiaca

@article{Bode2003SteroidBI,
  title={Steroid biosynthesis in prokaryotes: identification of myxobacterial steroids and cloning of the first bacterial 2,3(S)‐oxidosqualene cyclase from the myxobacterium Stigmatella aurantiaca},
  author={Helge B. Bode and Bernd Zeggel and Barbara Silakowski and Silke C Wenzel and Hans Prof Dr Reichenbach and Rolf M{\"u}ller},
  journal={Molecular Microbiology},
  year={2003},
  volume={47}
}
Steroids, such as cholesterol, are synthesized in almost all eukaryotic cells, which use these triterpenoid lipids to control the fluidity and flexibility of their cell membranes. Bacteria rarely synthesize such tetracyclic compounds but frequently replace them with a different class of triterpenoids, the pentacyclic hopanoids. The intriguing mechanisms involved in triterpene biosynthesis have attracted much attention, resulting in extensive studies of squalene‐hopene cyclase in bacteria and (S… 
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Sterol Biosynthesis by a Prokaryote: First in Vitro Identification of the Genes Encoding Squalene Epoxidase and Lanosterol Synthase from Methylococcus capsulatus
TLDR
This is the first report demonstrating the existence of the genes encoding squalene epoxidase and lanosterol synthase in prokaryotes by establishing the enzyme activities.
Biosynthesis of cycloartenol by expression of plant and bacterial oxidosqualene cyclases in engineered Rhodobacter capsulatus.
Biosynthesis of steroidal antibiotic fusidanes: functional analysis of oxidosqualene cyclase and subsequent tailoring enzymes from Aspergillus fumigatus.
TLDR
To identify the function of triterpene tailoring enzymes, four P450 genes, a short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR), and a SDR gene (AfuSDR1) in the cluster were each coexpressed with AfuOSC3 in yeast, providing a firm ground for identification of the present gene cluster to be involved in helvolic acid biosynthesis.
Essentiality of sterol synthesis genes in the planctomycete bacterium Gemmata obscuriglobus
TLDR
It is shown that sterols are essential for growth of G. obscuriglobus, and that sterol depletion leads to aberrant membrane structures and defects in budding cell division, which advances the understanding of sterol distribution and function.
Lanosterol biosynthesis in the prokaryote Methylococcus capsulatus: insight into the evolution of sterol biosynthesis.
A putative operon containing homologues of essential eukaryotic sterol biosynthetic enzymes, squalene monooxygenase and oxidosqualene cyclase, has been identified in the genome of the prokaryote…
Phylogenetic and biochemical evidence for sterol synthesis in the bacterium Gemmata obscuriglobus
TLDR
The primitive sterols produced by Gemmata suggest that this genus could retain the most ancient remnants of the sterol biosynthetic pathway, which was exchanged between bacteria and early eukaryotes via lateral gene transfer or endosymbiotic events.
Phenylnannolones A–C: Biosynthesis of New Secondary Metabolites from the Myxobacterium Nannocystis exedens
TLDR
Investigation of the biosynthesis with labelled precursors revealed acetate, butyrate and phenylalanine as building blocks for 1.
Incomplete sterols and hopanoids pathways in ciliates: gene loss and acquisition during evolution as a source of biosynthetic genes.
Biosynthesis of Structurally Diverse Triterpenes in Plants: the Role of Oxidosqualene Cyclases
TLDR
The role of OSCs in generating triterpene skeletal diversity in plants is highlighted, and some triterpenes are suggested to play specialized/secondary function as defence compounds.
Divergent evolution of oxidosqualene cyclases in plants.
TLDR
The phylogenetic analysis suggests that expansion of OSC members in higher plants has occurred mainly through tandem duplication followed by positive selection and diversifying evolution, and consolidated the previous suggestion that dicot triterpene synthases have been derived from an ancestral lanosterol synthase instead of directly from their cycloartenol synthases.
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References

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TLDR
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