Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans.
@article{Steele1995StereotypeTA,
title={Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans.},
author={Claude M. Steele and Joshua Aronson},
journal={Journal of personality and social psychology},
year={1995},
volume={69 5},
pages={
797-811
}
}Stereotype threat is being at risk of confirming, as self-characteristic, a negative stereotype about one's group. Studies 1 and 2 varied the stereotype vulnerability of Black participants taking a difficult verbal test by varying whether or not their performance was ostensibly diagnostic of ability, and thus, whether or not they were at risk of fulfilling the racial stereotype about their intellectual ability. Reflecting the pressure of this vulnerability, Blacks underperformed in relation to…
7,163 Citations
When Positive Stereotypes Threaten Intellectual Performance: The Psychological Hazards of “Model Minority” Status
- PsychologyPsychological science
- 2000
Although people commonly hold positive stereotypes about Asians' mathematical skills, making these stereotypes salient prior to performance can create the potential for “choking” under the pressure of high expectations.
Extending the Concept of Stereotype Threat to Social Class: The Intellectual Underperformance of Students from Low Socioeconomic Backgrounds
- Psychology
- 1998
Students from poorer families perform worse on intellectual tasks than do other students. The authors tested the stereotype threat hypothesis as a possible explanation for this difference. Students…
Effects of Stereotype Threat, Perceived Discrimination, and Examiner Race on Neuropsychological Performance: Simple as Black and White?
- PsychologyJournal of the International Neuropsychological Society
- 2013
The importance of considering the role of contextual variables in neuropsychological performance, as these variables may obscure the validity of results among certain racial/ethnic groups, is underscored.
Stereotype validation: the effects of activating negative stereotypes after intellectual performance.
- PsychologyJournal of personality and social psychology
- 2015
Stereotypes activation was found to increase the certainty that women, African Americans, and men had toward negative evaluations of their own test performance, and were found to be most pronounced among those who were highly identified with the stereotyped group.
Clearing the air: the effect of experimenter race on target's test performance and subjective experience.
- PsychologyThe British journal of social psychology
- 2005
Results showed that when a Black experimenter gave a verbal test to Black participants, they did not suffer the typical performance decrements associated with stereotype threat, supporting the hypothesis that Black participants have conscious access to the experience of stereotype threat and that this effect is partially mediated by their endorsement of the stereotype.
Stereotype Threat and Gender Differences in Performance on a Novel Visuospatial Task
- Psychology
- 2009
Stereotype threat research has shown that being a member of a negatively stereotyped group may result in impaired performance on tests of skills thought to be relevant to the stereotype. This study…
The Perceived Validity of Stereotype Threat as an Explanation for Underperformance
- Psychology
- 2016
Research demonstrates that members of stigmatized groups may underperform when stereotype threat is induced. No research, however, has examined whether attributing underperformance to stereotype…
No Child Left Behind, Stereotype Threat, and the Standardized Testing of African American Third-Graders
- Psychology
- 2013
Stereotype threat theory proposes that the possibility of being judged in terms of a negative stereotype in a particular domain negatively affects one’s performance. The proposed mixed-methods…
References
SHOWING 1-10 OF 54 REFERENCES
Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components.
- Psychology
- 1989
University of Wisconsin--Madis on Three studies tested basic assumptions derived from a theoretical model based on the dissociation ofantomatic and controlled processes involved in prejudice. Study I…
Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma.
- Psychology
- 1989
Although several psychological theories predict that members of stigmatized groups should have low global self-esteem, empirical research typically does not support this prediction. It is proposed…
Memory deficits and memory surfeits: differential cognitive consequences of tokenism for tokens and observers.
- PsychologyJournal of personality and social psychology
- 1985
It is tested the possibilities of whether tokens might suffer more cognitive deficits than would nontokens, and whether they do so even when they are treated no differently.
The trouble of thinking: Activation and application of stereotypic beliefs.
- Psychology
- 1991
Two studies investigated the effects of cognitive busyness on the activation and application of stereotypes. In Experiment 1, not-busy subjects who were exposed to an Asian target showed evidence of…
Social Stigma: The Affective Consequences of Attributional Ambiguity
- Psychology
- 1991
Two experiments investigated the hypothesis that the stigmatized can protect their self-esteem by attributing negative feedback to prejudice. Fifty-nine women participated in the 1st experiment.…
Test anxiety and direction of attention.
- PsychologyPsychological bulletin
- 1971
The literature reviewed suggests an attentional interpretation, of the adverse effects which test anxiety has on task performance, that highly anxious persons are generally more self-preoccupied than are people low in anxiety.
Social facilitation: A self-presentational view.
- Psychology
- 1982
This article offers a self-presentat ional account of performance in others' presence. The account attributes social facilitation to the performer's active regulation of a public image, and it…