Splicing double: insights from the second spliceosome

@article{Patel2003SplicingDI,
  title={Splicing double: insights from the second spliceosome},
  author={Abhijit A. Patel and Joan A. Steitz},
  journal={Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology},
  year={2003},
  volume={4},
  pages={960-970}
}
Almost 20 years after the discovery of introns and RNA splicing, a second spliceosome was uncovered. Although this new spliceosome is structurally and functionally analogous to the well-characterized major-class splicing apparatus, it mediates the excision of a minor class of evolutionarily conserved introns that have non-canonical consensus sequences. This unanticipated diversity in the splicing machinery is refining both the mechanistic understanding and evolutionary models of RNA splicing. 
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This review focuses on recent advances in elucidating the structure and function of the minor U12-dependent spliceosome.
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X-ray and NMR techniques used to address structural details of splice site recognition and the architecture of the spliceosome active site are successfully used and yielded important insights as well as posing fresh questions with respect to the regulation and mechanism of this critical gene regulatory process.
Primordial spliceosomal introns were probably U2-type.
TLDR
A comparison of the amino acid distributions at insertion sites of introns that retained their positions throughout eukaryotic evolution with the distributions for human and Arabidopsis thaliana U2 and U12 introns reveals close similarity with U2 but not U12, indicating that the primordial spliceosomal introns were, most likely, U2-type.
Division of Labor: Minor Splicing in the Cytoplasm
TLDR
It is demonstrated that the two splicing pathways are spatially separated in the cell and may have distinct functions.
Spliceosome assembly and composition.
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    Advances in experimental medicine and biology
  • 2007
TLDR
This chapter discusses recent advances regarding similarities and differences between the in vivo and in vitro assembly pathways, as well as proofreading mechanisms contributing to the fidelity of splice site selection.
Targeted ‘knockdown’ of spliceosome function in mammalian cells
TLDR
It is shown that morpholino oligomers complementary to the branch-site recognition elements of U2 or U12 small nuclear RNA specifically suppress the function of the two splicing systems in mammalian cells.
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The potential implications of recent genome-wide studies on the splicing of U12-type introns, including human patient cells with mutations in the components of the minor spliceosome, zebrafish with similar mutations and various experimentally manipulated human cells and Arabidopsis plants are discussed.
The Spliceosome: Design Principles of a Dynamic RNP Machine
TLDR
The spliceosome exhibits exceptional compositional and structural dynamics that are exploited during substrate-dependent complex assembly, catalytic activation, and active site remodeling in the pre-mRNAs.
Splicing of U12-type introns deposits an exon junction complex competent to induce nonsense-mediated mRNA decay
  • T. Hirose, M. Shu, J. Steitz
  • Biology, Medicine
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
  • 2004
TLDR
In vitro splicing of a U12-type intron assembles an exon junction complex (EJC) that is comparably positioned and contains many of the same components as that deposited by the U2-type spliceosome.
Alternative splicing in ascomycetes
  • F. Kempken
  • Biology, Medicine
    Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
  • 2013
TLDR
This review focuses onAlternative splicing in ascomycetes, which in general have significant lower extend of alternative splicing than mammals and putative protein factors involved in regulation.
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