Sodium and potassium in the pathogenesis of hypertension.

@article{Adrogu2007SodiumAP,
  title={Sodium and potassium in the pathogenesis of hypertension.},
  author={Horacio J. Adrogu{\'e} and Nicolaos E. Madias},
  journal={The New England journal of medicine},
  year={2007},
  volume={356 19},
  pages={
          1966-78
        }
}
This review examines epidemiologic, physiological, and molecular evidence that the interplay between sodium and potassium is central to the development of hypertension. The review concludes with recommendations for reducing sodium and increasing potassium in the diet. 
View on PubMed
cardiacos.net
703 Citations
Highly Influential Citations
25
Background Citations
268
Methods Citations
3
Results Citations
8

Figures and Tables from this paper

703 Citations

How does potassium supplementation lower blood pressure?

Interestingly, hypertension is found mainly in industrialized societies, with very low prevalence in isolated societies, and its sequelae are among the most common causes of mortality.

Fluid and Electrolytes

The physiologic principles that provide the basis for fluid therapy are reviewed. The application of these principles to clinical fluid management in the surgical patient is outlined. The…

Acute, ambulatory and central blood pressure measurements in diabetes

This thesis was to explore the associations between blood pressure and diabetes in patients with diabetes and found that high blood pressure is an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

Interaction between low dietary potassium and high dietary sodium intake on blood pressure in adult rats

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Medicine, 2016

The impact of sodium and potassium on hypertension risk.

Recent advances in the pathogenesis of hypertension in children.

This commentary discusses current knowledge of the pathogenesis of pediatric hypertension, focusing on the fact that adult health and, to a large extent, adult diseases, are deeply rooted in both…

High sodium and low potassium intake in patients with Type 2 diabetes

Diabet. Med. 27, 1401–1408 (2010)

Sodium-to-potassium ratio and blood pressure, hypertension, and related factors.

The main findings show that, among the randomized controlled trials reviewed, the sodium-to-potassium ratio appears to be more strongly associated with blood pressure outcomes than either sodium or potassium alone in hypertensive adult populations.

Pathogenesis of hypertension: interactions among sodium, potassium, and aldosterone.

A restriction in sodium intake that is accompanied by increased intake of potassium can profoundly improve the prevalence of hypertension and cardiovascular disease.

The effect of dietary patterns on blood pressure: insights for clinical practice

Identifying the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure: A systematic review is a systematic review of published studies.
...

References

SHOWING 1-10 OF 98 REFERENCES

Salt handling and hypertension.

Current knowledge of renal salt handling at the molecular level is outlined, and, given that Westernized societies consume more salt than is required for normal physiology, evidence that the lowering of salt intake can combat hypertension is examined.

Depressor Effect of Potassium Restriction on Blood Pressure of the Rat

  • S. C. FreedM. Friedman
  • Biology
    Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
  • 1951
Summary (1) Dietary restriction of potassium was found to lead to the occurrence of hypotension in the rat. (2) This depressor effect of potassium deprivation was prevented by simultaneous dietary…

Subtle acquired renal injury as a mechanism of salt-sensitive hypertension.

This review provides an explanation of how initially subtle renal injury promotes a tendency toward hypertension, and how decreasing salt intake ameliorates the hypertension.

Chronic sodium chloride toxicity: the protective effect of added potassium chloride.

There has a good basis for suspecting interrelations between dietary sodium and potassium in the context of chronic sodium chloride toxicity, and there has been a goodBased on preliminary findings, a broad spectrum of adverse events has been reported in patients with chronic Sodium chloride toxicity.

Sodium and potassium in essential hypertension.

It was concluded that two mechanisms probably operate in essential hypertension: in the early stages of the disease blood pressure is raised by an abnormal process related more closely to potassium than to sodium, and later a renal lesion develops later.

Potassium supplementation in hypertensive patients with diuretic-induced hypokalemia.

It is concluded that short-term potassium supplementation that ameliorates diuretic-induced hypokalemia may induce a significant fall in blood pressure.

Non‐modulating Hypertension A Subset of Sodium‐Sensitive Hypertension

At least six different mechanisms have been proposed to account for a substantial change in blood pressure when a patient's salt intake is modified, and one of these subgroups—non-modulators is reviewed.

MECHANISM OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE EFFECT OF DIETARY POTASSIUM IN EXPERIMENTAL VOLUME EXPANDED HYPERTENSION IN RATS

  • Motilal B. PamnaniXichang ChenFrancis J. HaddyJames F. SchooleyZhiphing Mo
  • Medicine, Biology
    Clinical and experimental hypertension
  • 2000
Examination of the effect of increases in dietary potassium on the plasma level of endogenous DLS, myocardial and renal Na+, K+-ATPase (NKA) activities, BP, and renal excretory function in reduced renal mass (RRM)-salt hypertension in the rat shows that quadrupling the potassium in the diet prevents the BP increase in RRM rats and this is associated with diuresis/natriuresis and normalization of DLS.

Plasma sodium and hypertension.

It is suggested that a small increase in plasma sodium may be part of the mechanisms whereby dietary salt increases the blood pressure.

Beneficial effects of potassium

The evidence for increasing potassium intake lowers blood pressure in both hypertensive and normotensive people is discussed and the best way to increase potassium intake is to eat more fresh fruit and vegetables.
...