Smoking and mortality--beyond established causes.
@article{Carter2015SmokingAM, title={Smoking and mortality--beyond established causes.}, author={Brian D. Carter and Christian C. Abnet and D Feskanich and Neal D. Freedman and Patricia Hartge and Cora E. Lewis and Judith K. Ockene and Ross L Prentice and Frank E. Speizer and Michael J. Thun and Eric J. Jacobs}, journal={The New England journal of medicine}, year={2015}, volume={372 7}, pages={ 631-40 } }
BACKGROUND
Mortality among current smokers is 2 to 3 times as high as that among persons who never smoked. Most of this excess mortality is believed to be explained by 21 common diseases that have been formally established as caused by cigarette smoking and are included in official estimates of smoking-attributable mortality in the United States. However, if smoking causes additional diseases, these official estimates may significantly underestimate the number of deaths attributable to smoking…
262 Citations
Association of Smoking and Smoking Cessation With Overall and Cause-Specific Mortality.
- Medicine, Political ScienceAmerican journal of preventive medicine
- 2021
Cigarette Smoking and All-Cause and Cause-Specific Adult Mortality in the United States
- MedicineDemography
- 2018
It is demonstrated that smoking-attributable mortality must remain a top population health priority in the United States and makes several contributions to further underscore the human costs of this tragedy that has ravaged American society for more than a century.
Mortality among male smokers and smokeless tobacco users in the USA
- Medicine, PsychologyHarm Reduction Journal
- 2019
This is the first simultaneous mortality follow-up study of older American male smokers and ST users and finds that younger users did not have excess mortality from any smoking-related diseases, but younger users had an elevation in deaths from other causes.
Mortality among male cigar and cigarette smokers in the USA
- Medicine, Political ScienceHarm Reduction Journal
- 2021
This study provides evidence that male cigar smokers age 40 + years had elevated mortality risks, however, after accounting for cigarette smoking and other confounding variables, it is found significantly increased mortality only among dual and former users of cigarettes.
Smoking-attributable Mortality by State in 2014, U.S.
- Medicine, Political ScienceAmerican journal of preventive medicine
- 2018
Joints effects of BMI and smoking on mortality of all-causes, CVD, and cancer
- MedicineCancer Causes & Control
- 2019
The current study indicates that obesity and underweight in combination with smoking may emerge as a serious public health problem and public health messages should stress the increased mortality risk for smokers who are underweight or obese.
Lifetime Smoking History and Cause-Specific Mortality in a Cohort Study with 43 Years of Follow-Up
- MedicinePloS one
- 2016
It is indicated that lifetime numbers of cigarettes smoked and the duration of smoking have different impacts for different causes of mortality and that smoking cessation immediately effectively reduces the risk of all-cause and any cancer mortality.
Cigarette smoking and risk of infection-related mortality: A cohort study.
- MedicineNicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco
- 2021
Current smoking, smoking intensity, and pack-years were associated with an increased risk of death due to infections; in particular, the highest risk of infection-related mortality was consistently found in individuals with ≥20 pack- years.
Smoking-attributable mortality by cause of death in the United States: An indirect approach
- MedicineSSM - population health
- 2019
Tobacco smoking and risk of 36 cardiovascular disease subtypes: fatal and non-fatal outcomes in a large prospective Australian study
- MedicineBMC Medicine
- 2019
Current smoking increases the risk of virtually all CVD subtypes, at least doubling the risk for many, including AMI, cerebrovascular disease and heart failure, including paroxysmal tachycardia.
References
SHOWING 1-10 OF 42 REFERENCES
50-year trends in smoking-related mortality in the United States.
- MedicineThe New England journal of medicine
- 2013
The risk of death from cigarette smoking continues to increase among women and the increased risks are now nearly identical for men and women, as compared with persons who have never smoked.
Smoking vs other risk factors as the cause of smoking-attributable deaths: confounding in the courtroom.
- MedicineJAMA
- 2000
This study suggests that federal estimates of deaths caused by smoking are not substantially altered by adjustment for behavioral and demographic factors associated with smoking beyond the current adjustment for age and sex.
Association between smoking and chronic renal failure in a nationwide population-based case-control study.
- MedicineJournal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN
- 2004
It is suggested that heavy cigarette smoking increases the risk of CRF for both men and women, at least CRF classified as nephrosclerosis and glomerulonephritis.
Prospective study of cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and the risk of diabetes in men
- MedicineBMJ
- 1995
Cigarette smoking may be an independent, modifiable risk factor for non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and moderate alcohol consumption among healthy people may be associated with increased insulin sensitivity and a reduced risk of diabetes.
Cigarette smoking and postmenopausal breast cancer risk in a prospective cohort
- MedicineBritish Journal of Cancer
- 2014
Risk was elevated in smokers, particularly in those without a family history or late menarche, and research into smoking’s effects on the genome and breast development may clarify these relationships.
Active smoking and breast cancer risk: original cohort data and meta-analysis.
- MedicineJournal of the National Cancer Institute
- 2013
The hypothesis that active smoking is associated with increased breast cancer risk for women who initiate smoking before first birth is supported and suggesting that smoking might play a role in breast cancer initiation is suggested.
Smoking and survival after breast cancer diagnosis: a prospective observational study and systematic review
- MedicineBreast Cancer Research and Treatment
- 2012
A systematic review of all cohort studies to date indicates positive association of current smoking with breast cancer mortality, but weak association with former smoking.
The 21st century hazards of smoking and benefits of stopping: a prospective study of one million women in the UK
- MedicineThe Lancet
- 2013
Cigarette smoking, smoking cessation and acute pancreatitis: a prospective population-based study
- MedicineGut
- 2011
Smoking is an important risk factor for non-gallstone-related acute pancreatitis and early smoking cessation should be recommended as a part of the clinical management of patients with acute Pancreatitis.
Smoking and risk of total and fatal prostate cancer in United States health professionals.
- MedicineCancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology
- 1999
The results indicate that although smoking was unrelated to prostate cancer incidence, recent tobacco use had a substantial impact on the occurrence of fatal prostate cancer.