Smallpox vaccines for biodefense: need and feasibility

@article{Artenstein2008SmallpoxVF,
  title={Smallpox vaccines for biodefense: need and feasibility},
  author={A. Artenstein and J. Grabenstein},
  journal={Expert Review of Vaccines},
  year={2008},
  volume={7},
  pages={1225 - 1237}
}
Smallpox, eradicated as a cause of natural disease through an intensive global effort in the later part of the 20th Century, has resurfaced as a possible agent of bioterrorism. For this reason, there is renewed interest in smallpox vaccines. Live vaccinia virus, an orthopoxvirus related to smallpox, has a long and successful clinical track record as an effective smallpox vaccine; however, its use is associated with uncommon yet serious adverse events. This has led to a surge of recent research… Expand
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The history of smallpox vaccines and recent achievements in the development of highly efficacious and safer vaccines and vaccine applications are reviewed and assessment of adequate animal models to study pathogenesis and protective immunity is reviewed. Expand
Smallpox vaccines for biodefense.
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Given the ongoing concerns regarding the use of variola as a biological weapon, this review will focus on the licensed vaccines as well as current research into next-generation vaccines to protect against smallpox and other poxviruses. Expand
The immunology of smallpox vaccines.
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TLDR
A cell culture-based highly attenuated third-generation smallpox vaccine candidate KVAC103 strain is developed by 103 serial passages of the Lancy-Vaxina strain derived from the Lister in Vero cells due to its enhanced safety and efficacy. Expand
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A public-health response to smallpox as using for bioterrorism is described, with great concern that smallpox is an excellent candidate for use as a terrorist weapon. Expand
Molecular smallpox vaccine delivered by alphavirus replicons elicits protective immunity in mice and non-human primates.
TLDR
It is demonstrated that virus-like replicon particles (VRPs) expressing the vaccinia virus A33R, B5R, A27L, and L1R genes elicited protective immunity in mice comparable to vaccination with live-vaccinia virus, and revealed that a single-boost VRP smallpox vaccine shows promise as a safe alternative to the currently licensed live- Vaccinia virusSmallpox vaccine. Expand
Safe and Effective Smallpox Vaccine Development Using DNA Vaccines and In vivo Electroporation
Few viruses have elicited more fear of its potential as a tool of bioterrorism than smallpox. In the post-9/11 “Amerithrax” environment, the threat of an intentional release of smallpox has led to… Expand
Co-administration of tecovirimat and ACAM2000™ in non-human primates: Effect of tecovirimat treatment on ACAM2000 immunogenicity and efficacy versus lethal monkeypox virus challenge.
TLDR
In studies presented here, monkeys were vaccinated with the ACAM2000TM live attenuated smallpox vaccine and concomitantly treated with tecovirimat or placebo, suggesting that TPOXX may affect the immunogenicity of ACAM 2000 if administered concomittantly. Expand
Impact of ST-246® on ACAM2000™ smallpox vaccine reactogenicity, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy in immunodeficient mice.
TLDR
Data suggest that, with the exception of individuals with irreversible, combined CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell deficiency, ST-246 co-administered at the time of vaccination may help reduce vaccine reactogenicity--even in those lacking humoral immunity--without impeding the induction of protective immunity. Expand
Safety and immunogenicity of LC16m8, an attenuated smallpox vaccine in vaccinia-naive adults.
TLDR
LC16m8 generates neutralizing antibody titers to multiple poxviruses, including vaccinia, monkeypox, and variola major, and broad T-cell responses, indicating that LC 16m8 may have efficacy in protecting individuals from smallpox. Expand
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