Skeletal muscle adaptation and performance responses to once a day versus twice every second day endurance training regimens.

@article{Yeo2008SkeletalMA,
  title={Skeletal muscle adaptation and performance responses to once a day versus twice every second day endurance training regimens.},
  author={Wee Kian Yeo and Carl D. Paton and Andrew P. Garnham and Louise M. Burke and Andrew L. Carey and John A. Hawley},
  journal={Journal of applied physiology},
  year={2008},
  volume={105 5},
  pages={
          1462-70
        }
}
We determined the effects of a cycle training program in which selected sessions were performed with low muscle glycogen content on training capacity and subsequent endurance performance, whole body substrate oxidation during submaximal exercise, and several mitochondrial enzymes and signaling proteins with putative roles in promoting training adaptation. [] Key Method Seven endurance-trained cyclists/triathletes trained daily (High) alternating between 100-min steady-state aerobic rides (AT) one day…
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Acute signalling responses to intense endurance training commenced with low or normal muscle glycogen

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Daily training with high carbohydrate availability increases exogenous carbohydrate oxidation during endurance cycling.

Changing total daily carbohydrate intake by providing or withholding carbohydrate during daily training in trained athletes results in differences in selected metabolic adaptations to exercise, including the oxidation of exogenous carbohydrate, but these metabolic changes do not alter the training-induced magnitude of increase in exercise performance.

No Superior Adaptations to Carbohydrate Periodization in Elite Endurance Athletes

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Concurrent speed endurance and resistance training improves performance, running economy, and muscle NHE1 in moderately trained runners.

It is demonstrated that SET and HRT, when performed in succession, lead to improvements in both short- and long-term running performance together with improved running economy as well as increased dynamic muscle strength and capacity for muscular H(+) transport in moderately trained endurance runners.

Beneficial metabolic adaptations due to endurance exercise training in the fasted state.

F is more effective than CHO to increase muscular oxidative capacity and at the same time enhances exercise-induced net IMCL degradation and prevented drop of blood glucose concentration during fasting exercise.

Training in the fasted state facilitates re-activation of eEF2 activity during recovery from endurance exercise

Training in the fasted state, compared with identical training with ample carbohydrate intake, facilitates post-exercise dephosphorylation of eEF2, which may contribute to rapid re-activation of muscle protein translation following endurance exercise.

The influence of continuous vs split training protocols on endurance performance

The findings in this research demonstrate that, rather than previous suggestions that performance typically declines, during the foundational stage of training where an increase in volume is achieved, conducting either of the once or twice daily training plans developed in Study 3 for six weeks resulted in improvements in 5 km RP.

Carbohydrate feeding during recovery alters the skeletal muscle metabolic response to repeated sessions of high-intensity interval exercise in humans.

Evidence is provided that p38 MAPK is a nutrient-sensitive signaling molecule that could be involved in the altered skeletal muscle adaptive response reported after exercise training under conditions of restricted CHO intake, but further research is required to confirm this hypothesis.

Effects of protein intake prior to carbohydrate-restricted endurance exercise: a randomized crossover trial

It is concluded that protein ingestion prior to endurance exercise in the energy- and carbohydrate-restricted state does not increase myofibrillar protein synthesis or improve net protein balance in the exercising and non-exercising muscles, respectively, during and in the hours after exercise compared to ingestion of a non-caloric control.
...

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