Sexual orientation and the 2nd to 4th finger length ratio: evidence for organising effects of sex hormones or developmental instability?
@article{Rahman2003SexualOA, title={Sexual orientation and the 2nd to 4th finger length ratio: evidence for organising effects of sex hormones or developmental instability?}, author={Qazi Rahman and Glenn D. Wilson}, journal={Psychoneuroendocrinology}, year={2003}, volume={28}, pages={288-303} }
146 Citations
Fluctuating asymmetry, second to fourth finger length ratios and human sexual orientation
- Psychology, BiologyPsychoneuroendocrinology
- 2005
Finger Length Ratio (2D:4D) and Dimensions of Sexual Orientation
- Psychology, MedicineNeuropsychobiology
- 2006
A continuous neurohormonal sexual differentiation of the brain, most notably for women, that overrides categories and results in varying dimensions of sexual orientation is hypothesized.
Prenatal Influences on Sexual Orientation: Digit Ratio (2D:4D) and Number of Older Siblings
- PsychologyEvolutionary psychology : an international journal of evolutionary approaches to psychology and behavior
- 2011
Prenatal androgen levels are suggested to influence sexual orientation in both sexes. The 2D:4D digit ratio has been found to associate with sexual orientation, but published findings have often been…
Hand Asymmetry in Heterosexual and Homosexual Men and Women: Relationship to 2D:4D Digit Ratios and Other Sexually Dimorphic Anatomical Traits
- Psychology, BiologyArchives of sexual behavior
- 2008
The present evidence actually suggests that homosexuals have lower FA than heterosexuals, raising the question of whether the positive fitness components associated with low FA may contribute to selection that maintains homosexuality in a population.
Sexual orientation and the second to fourth finger length ratio: a meta-analysis in men and women.
- PsychologyBehavioral neuroscience
- 2010
It is found that heterosexual women had higher (more feminine) left- and right-hand 2D:4D than did lesbians, but there was no difference between heterosexual and gay men.
Sexual Orientation and Fluctuating Asymmetry in Men and Women
- PsychologyArchives of sexual behavior
- 2008
Although elevated levels of developmental stress appear to be linked to shifts in sexual orientation, the underlying mechanism does not seem to be connected to sex-atypical prenatal hormones.
2nd to 4th digit ratio and a universal mean for prenatal testosterone in homosexual men.
- Medicine, BiologyMedical hypotheses
- 2003
Sexual dimorphism in second-to-fourth digit ratio and its relation to gender-role orientation in males and females
- Psychology
- 2007
Typical female 2nd–4th finger length (2D:4D) ratios in male-to-female transsexuals—possible implications for prenatal androgen exposure
- Psychology, BiologyPsychoneuroendocrinology
- 2006
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The results support the notion that sexual orientation in some men and women has an early neurodevelopmental basis, but the factors responsible for the handedness-sexual orientation association require elucidation.
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The androgen-sensitive pattern of finger lengths is examined, and there is evidence that homosexual women are exposed to more prenatal androgen than heterosexual women are, and men with more than one older brother, who are more likely than first-born males to be homosexual in adulthood, are exposure to more pregnancies than eldest sons.
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Testosterone, particularly prenatal testosterone, has been implicated in the aetiology of many extragenital sexually dimorphic traits and it is suggested that the 2D:4D ratio may be associated with the expression of other sexuallyDimorphic behavioural traits.