Sexual orientation and the 2nd to 4th finger length ratio: evidence for organising effects of sex hormones or developmental instability?

@article{Rahman2003SexualOA,
  title={Sexual orientation and the 2nd to 4th finger length ratio: evidence for organising effects of sex hormones or developmental instability?},
  author={Qazi Rahman and Glenn D. Wilson},
  journal={Psychoneuroendocrinology},
  year={2003},
  volume={28},
  pages={288-303}
}
  • Q. Rahman, G. Wilson
  • Published 1 April 2003
  • Psychology, Biology, Medicine
  • Psychoneuroendocrinology
View on Elsevier
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146 Citations
Highly Influential Citations
7
Background Citations
50
Methods Citations
7
Results Citations
10

146 Citations

Fluctuating asymmetry, second to fourth finger length ratios and human sexual orientation
  • Q. Rahman
  • Psychology, Biology
    Psychoneuroendocrinology
  • 2005
Finger Length Ratio (2D:4D) and Dimensions of Sexual Orientation
TLDR
A continuous neurohormonal sexual differentiation of the brain, most notably for women, that overrides categories and results in varying dimensions of sexual orientation is hypothesized.
Prenatal Influences on Sexual Orientation: Digit Ratio (2D:4D) and Number of Older Siblings
Prenatal androgen levels are suggested to influence sexual orientation in both sexes. The 2D:4D digit ratio has been found to associate with sexual orientation, but published findings have often been…
Hand Asymmetry in Heterosexual and Homosexual Men and Women: Relationship to 2D:4D Digit Ratios and Other Sexually Dimorphic Anatomical Traits
TLDR
The present evidence actually suggests that homosexuals have lower FA than heterosexuals, raising the question of whether the positive fitness components associated with low FA may contribute to selection that maintains homosexuality in a population.
Sexual orientation and the second to fourth finger length ratio: a meta-analysis in men and women.
TLDR
It is found that heterosexual women had higher (more feminine) left- and right-hand 2D:4D than did lesbians, but there was no difference between heterosexual and gay men.
Sexual Orientation and Fluctuating Asymmetry in Men and Women
TLDR
Although elevated levels of developmental stress appear to be linked to shifts in sexual orientation, the underlying mechanism does not seem to be connected to sex-atypical prenatal hormones.
2nd to 4th digit ratio and a universal mean for prenatal testosterone in homosexual men.
Sexual dimorphism in second-to-fourth digit ratio and its relation to gender-role orientation in males and females
Sex hormones and finger length: What does 2D:4D indicate?
Typical female 2nd–4th finger length (2D:4D) ratios in male-to-female transsexuals—possible implications for prenatal androgen exposure
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References

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TLDR
The results support the notion that sexual orientation in some men and women has an early neurodevelopmental basis, but the factors responsible for the handedness-sexual orientation association require elucidation.
Finger-length ratios and sexual orientation
TLDR
The androgen-sensitive pattern of finger lengths is examined, and there is evidence that homosexual women are exposed to more prenatal androgen than heterosexual women are, and men with more than one older brother, who are more likely than first-born males to be homosexual in adulthood, are exposure to more pregnancies than eldest sons.
The dermatoglyphic characteristics of transsexuals: is there evidence for an organizing effect of sex hormones
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Evidence indicating that the process of determining human sexual orientation is fundamentally the same in all mammals is reviewed, and a theory of how the entire spectrum of humanSexual orientation is determined is proposed.
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Physical development and sexual orientation in women : Height, weight, and age of puberty comparisons
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Three hundred ninety-four college students (148 men and 246 women; 42% White, 25% Hispanic, and 23% Asian) were assessed on masculine instrumentality (M), feminine expressiveness (F), gender…
The 2nd:4th digit ratio and asymmetry of hand performance in Jamaican children
TLDR
Testosterone, particularly prenatal testosterone, has been implicated in the aetiology of many extragenital sexually dimorphic traits and it is suggested that the 2D:4D ratio may be associated with the expression of other sexuallyDimorphic behavioural traits.
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