Seville (sour) Orange Juice: Synephrine Content and Cardiovascular Effects in Normotensive Adults

@article{Penzak2001SevilleO,
  title={Seville (sour) Orange Juice: Synephrine Content and Cardiovascular Effects in Normotensive Adults},
  author={Scott R. Penzak and Michael W. Jann and Julie A. Cold and Yuen Yi Hon and Hiral D. Desai and Bill J Gurley},
  journal={The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology},
  year={2001},
  volume={41}
}
The Seville orange extract Citrus aurantium contains m‐synephrine (phenylephrine) and octopamine; it causes cardiac disturbances in animals and is used by humans for weight loss. Juice from the orange (Seville orange juice [SOJ]) is used to “knock out” intestinal cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 in bioavailability studies. The purpose of this study was to determine synephrine and octopamine concentrations in SOJ and SOJ's cardiovascular effects in normotensive humans. Subjects consumed 8 ounces of SOJ… 
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This study assessed the cardiovascular (stimulatory) effects of bitter orange extract given to 18 healthy subjects in a double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled cross‐over study and found p‐synephrine does not act as a stimulant at the dose used.
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There is little evidence that products containing C. aurantium are an effective aid to weight loss, and synephrine, which is structurally similar to epinephrine, has lipolytic effects in human fat cells only at high doses.
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The results of this study indicate that ingestion of a product containing bitter orange extract, caffeine and green tea extract does not lead to increased cardiovascular stress and that fat oxidation may increase in certain populations.
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The data indicate that based on current knowledge, the use of bitter orange extract and p‐synephrine appears to be exceedingly safe with no serious adverse effects being directly attributable to these ingredients.
Safety, Efficacy, and Mechanistic Studies Regarding Citrus aurantium (Bitter Orange) Extract and p‐Synephrine
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  • Biology
    Phytotherapy research : PTR
  • 2017
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This review, as well as several other assessments published in recent years, has concluded that bitter orange extract and p‐synephrine are safe for use in dietary supplements and foods at the commonly used doses.
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