• Corpus ID: 212561141

Seroprevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus and its potential risk factors in dairy cattle of jimma town, southwestern Ethiopia

@inproceedings{Tadesse2019SeroprevalenceOB,
  title={Seroprevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus and its potential risk factors in dairy cattle of jimma town, southwestern Ethiopia},
  author={Tadele Tadesse and Yosef Deneke and Benti Deresa},
  year={2019}
}

• T. Tadesse, Y. Deneke, B. Deresa
• Published 2019

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a highly contagious infectious agent of cattle populations across the world and causing a significant economic losses due to decreased performance, loss of milk production, reproductive disturbances and increased risk of morbidity and mortality.1 The broad nature of the disease, its transmittance and lack of treatment has made it a globally enzootic and one of the most significant cattle diseases.2 It was described for the first time in United States of America as a new transmissible disease in cattle during 1946.3 The Office International des Epizootic (OIE) added bovine viral diarrhea to its list of reportable diseases in 2007, but the listing is as a reportable disease of cattle rather than as a reportable disease of multiple species.4 BVDV is relatively small (40-60nm), spherical, an envelope, positive-sense single-stranded (ss+) of approximately 12.5kb in size Figure 1.5 The genome has a single open reading frame (ORF) flanked by two un-translated regions (UTR): 5’-Npro, C, Erns, E1, E2, p7, NS2-3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5A and NS5B-3’. There are two different genotypes; BVDV-1 and BVDV2 with several sub-genotypes.6 The viruses in the two genotypes show considerable antigenic difference from each other and within their species. There are also two biotypes of BVDV, designated as cytopathogenic (cp) and non-cytopathogenic (ncp) strains. This designation depends on their effect on tissue culture cells, where the cytopathogenic strains will cause vacuolization and cell death.7 Cattle is the primary host but serological evidence of Pestivirus infection has been found in over forty different species, for example sheep, pigs, goats, giraffe, kudu, nyala, oryx, water-buck, wild beest and African buffalo.8,9 Nose-to-nose contact between a susceptible animal and a persistently infected individual is regarded as the most efficient route of transmission.2 However; the virus can utilize indirect routes as well through the use of contaminated equipment or through insemination with BVDV infected semen.10 Bovine viral diarrhea viruses cause diarrhea, anorexia, pyrexia, oral erosion, decreased in milk production, abortion, congenital defects, poor growth, impaired reproductive performance, depression, fever, immune suppression and death. However; clinical presentations and severity of disease may vary with different strains of virus.11,12 The environmental factors and knowledge of herd management which enhance the risks of BVDV infection would make better the ability to control and impede the transmission, minimizing the unfavorable effects of BVDV infection on herd health and productivity.13 There are two diagnostic approaches to detect BVDV infection; direct tests (detection of the virus or viral components) and indirect tests (detection of the immune response to BVDV).14 The direct test includes virus isolation, antigen capture ELISA and polymerase chain reaction (PCR).15 Detection of virus specific antibodies by using different serological tests such as virus neutralization test and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay are an important ways for the indirect detection of the virus.10,16