Selenium and the course of mild Graves' orbitopathy.

@article{Marcocci2011SeleniumAT,
  title={Selenium and the course of mild Graves' orbitopathy.},
  author={Claudio Marcocci and George J Kahaly and Gerasimos E. Krassas and Luigi Bartalena and Mark F. Prummel and Matthias Stahl and Maria Antonietta Altea and Marco Nardi and Susanne Pitz and Kostas G Boboridis and Paolo Sivelli and Georg von Arx and Maarten Ph. Mourits and Lelio Baldeschi and Walter Bencivelli and Wilmar M. Wiersinga},
  journal={The New England journal of medicine},
  year={2011},
  volume={364 20},
  pages={
          1920-31
        }
}
BACKGROUND Oxygen free radicals and cytokines play a pathogenic role in Graves' orbitopathy. METHODS We carried out a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to determine the effect of selenium (an antioxidant agent) or pentoxifylline (an antiinflammatory agent) in 159 patients with mild Graves' orbitopathy. The patients were given selenium (100 μg twice daily), pentoxifylline (600 mg twice daily), or placebo (twice daily) orally for 6 months and were then followed for 6 months… 
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Oral selenium improved the disease activity in patients with mild Graves' orbitopathy.

Selenium in Graves Hyperthyroidism and Orbitopathy.

A 6-month course of sodium selenite can improve the course of mild GO and prevent deterioration when compared with placebo, and the antioxidant agent selenium has been shown to be effective for GO.

Selenium in the Treatment of Graves’ Hyperthyroidism and Eye Disease

Antioxidants have been proposed to improve the effects of antithyroid drugs in GH patients, as well as the remodeling of orbital tissues in patients with GO, and selenium administration has been included in the clinical practice for the patients with mild eye disease.

The Effect of Immunosuppression on Selected Antioxidant Parameters in Patients with Graves' Disease with Active Thyroid-Associated Orbitopathy.

Results of the study confirmed that oxidative stress is one of the factors involved in the pathogenesis of thyroid-associated orbitopathy and the methyloprednisolone treatment is effective in reducing both clinical symptoms and oxidative stress in patients with this disease.

Clinical Features of Graves' Ophthalmopathy and impact of Enalapril on the Course of Mild Graves' Ophthalmopathy: A pilot study.

It is shown that Enalapril treatment could ameliorate the clinical course of GO according to the ophthalmologic examinations and subjective parameters of disease progression and the difference between the score of quality of life in patients with GO after 6 months of follow up was statistically significant.

Selenium usage and oxidative stress in Graves’ disease and Graves’ orbitopathy

Graves' Orbitopathy: Current Concepts for Medical Treatment.

The current therapy concept for Graves' orbitopathy is as follows: first anti-inflammatory therapy then surgical correction of the permanent defects, which may soon be modified, due to the use of targeted therapies.

The role of IL-15 and selenium in Graves ophthalmopathy

A proinflammatory cyto kine, IL­15, is focused on in the pathogenesis of GO associated with selenium deficiency, which has been reported to be related to autoimmune thyroid dis­ eases (AITD) such as Graves disease and Hashimoto thyroiditis.

Antioxidant Therapy in Graves’ Orbitopathy

Based on the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of GO, a therapy with antioxidant agents has been proposed and a number of studies have been performed, both in vitro and in vivo, which is reviewed here.

Cholesterol Serum Levels and Use of Statins in Graves' Orbitopathy: A New Starting Point for the Therapy

A significant correlation was found between the occurrence of GO and both total and LDL-cholesterol in patients with a GD of relatively recent onset, suggesting a role of cholesterol in the development of GO.
...

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