Secreted protein lipocalin‐2 promotes microglial M1 polarization

@article{Jang2013SecretedPL,
  title={Secreted protein lipocalin‐2 promotes microglial M1 polarization},
  author={Eunha Jang and Shinrye Lee and Jong-Heon Kim and Jae-Hong Kim and Jung-wan Seo and Won-Ha Lee and Kiyoshi Mori and Kazuwa Nakao and Kyoungho Suk},
  journal={The FASEB Journal},
  year={2013},
  volume={27},
  pages={1176 - 1190}
}
Activated macrophages are classified into two different forms: classically activated (M1) or alternatively activated (M2) macrophages. The presence of M1/M2 phenotypic polarization has also been suggested for microglia. Here, we report that the secreted protein lipocalin 2 (LCN2) amplifies M1 polarization of activated microglia. LCN2 protein (EC50 1 μg/ml), but not glutathione S‐transferase used as a control, increased the M1‐related gene expression in cultured mouse microglial cells after 8–24… 
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Lipocalin 2 is a regulator of macrophage polarization and NF-κB/STAT3 pathway activation.
TLDR
Results suggest that Lcn2 plays a role as an anti-inflammatory regulator in macrophage activation via modulating a feed-forward activation of NFκB-STAT3 loop.
Phenotypic Polarization of Activated Astrocytes: The Critical Role of Lipocalin-2 in the Classical Inflammatory Activation of Astrocytes
TLDR
The results suggest that the secreted proteinLCN2 is an autocrine modulator of the functional polarization of astrocytes in the presence of immune or inflammatory stimuli and that LCN2 could be targeted therapeutically to dampen proinflammatory astroCytic activation and related pathologies in the CNS.
Toll‐Interleukin 1 Receptor domain‐containing adaptor protein positively regulates BV2 cell M1 polarization
TLDR
The results suggest that TIRAP positively regulated BV2 microglial M1 polarization through TLR4‐mediated TAK1/IKK/NF‐κB, mitogen‐activated protein kinases and Akt signalling pathways.
Lipocalin-2 Alleviates LPS-Induced Inflammation Through Alteration of Macrophage Properties
TLDR
It is demonstrated that Lcn2 was a potent protective factor in response to systemic inflammation and might be an indispensable factor for macrophage functions.
Redox regulation of NF‐κB p50 and M1 polarization in microglia
TLDR
NF‐κB p50 is identified as a key redox‐signaling mechanism regulating the M1/M2 balance in microglia, where loss of function leads to a CNS‐specific vulnerability to chronic inflammation.
Lipocalin‐2 mediates the rejection of neural transplants
TLDR
It is suggested that LCN2 is a neurotoxic factor for the engrafted neurons and a modulator of neuroinflammation in neurological disorders and may be useful in reducing rejection after neural transplantation.
Rho Kinase Inhibitor Fasudil Regulates Microglia Polarization and Function
TLDR
Results indicate a new treatment option whereby fasudil inhibits the inflammatory response by controlling a helpful polarization in microglia/macrophages, and promote a neuroprotective effect against PC12 neurons.
Lipocalin-2 Acts as a Neuroinflammatogen in Lipopolysaccharide-injected Mice
TLDR
The results indicate thatLCN2 plays a central role in the neuroinflammatory responses following LPS administration, and that LCN2 might contribute to the uncontrolled neurotoxic glial activation under excessive and chronic inflammatory conditions.
Hepcidin Induces M1 Macrophage Polarization in Monocytes or THP-1 Derived Macrophages.
TLDR
Hepcidin is able to induce macrophage polarization towards M1 type, and might be utilized as a potential M1 macrophages agonist in clinical practice.
Activation of murine microglial N9 cells is attenuated through cannabinoid receptor CB2 signaling.
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