Retroviral promoters in the human genome

@article{Conley2008RetroviralPI,
  title={Retroviral promoters in the human genome},
  author={Andrew B. Conley and Jittima Piriyapongsa and I. King Jordan},
  journal={Bioinformatics},
  year={2008},
  volume={24 14},
  pages={
          1563-7
        }
}
MOTIVATION Endogenous retrovirus (ERV) elements have been shown to contribute promoter sequences that can initiate transcription of adjacent human genes. However, the extent to which retroviral sequences initiate transcription within the human genome is currently unknown. We analyzed genome sequence and high-throughput expression data to systematically evaluate the presence of retroviral promoters in the human genome. RESULTS We report the existence of 51,197 ERV-derived promoter sequences… 
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Human Endogenous Retroviral Long Terminal Repeat Sequences as Cell Type-Specific Promoters in Retroviral Vectors

Cloned LTR sequences from two HERV families, differing widely in their activity and tissue specificity into a murine leukemia virus (MLV)-based promoter conversion vector (ProCon) show that HERV LTRs function in the context of retroviral vectors in certain cell types and have the potential to be useful as cell type-specific promoters in vector construction.

Mammalian Endogenous Retroviruses.

This chapter describes the discovery, classification and origins of ERVs in mammals and considers cellular mechanisms that have evolved to control their expression and addresses growing evidence that the gene regulatory potential of ERV LTRs has been exploited multiple times during evolution to regulate genes and gene networks.

Endogenous retroviral LTRs as promoters for human genes: a critical assessment.

Detecting Endogenous Retrovirus-Driven Tissue-Specific Gene Transcription

Basic principles of co-opting LTRs for genome evolution are identified, and the utility of the method for the analysis of TE, or other specific gene sets, in relation to the rest of the genome is supported.

The LTR of endogenous retrovirus ev21 retains promoter activity and exhibits tissue specific transcription in chicken

The results indicate that the ev21 LTR exhibits tissue-type specific expression in White Leghorn chicken, and it also have regulatory potential.

HIV-1 infection activates endogenous retroviral promoters regulating antiviral gene expression

The findings uncover how human cells can exploit remnants of once-infectious retroviruses to regulate antiviral gene expression and suggest that GBP2 and GBP5 have already been active against ancient viral pathogens as they suppress the maturation of the extinct retrovirus HERV-K (HML-2).

Role of Transposable Elements in Gene Regulation in the Human Genome

This review aims to comprehensively cover the studies regarding the mechanisms, contribution of different types of TEs, differential roles among tissue types, and lineage-specificity, based on data mostly in humans.

Transposable elements as a potent source of diverse cis-regulatory sequences in mammalian genomes

How TE-derived enhancer sequences can rapidly facilitate changes in existing gene regulatory networks and mediate species- and cell-type-specific regulatory innovations, and a unique contribution of TEs to species-specific gene expression divergence in pluripotency and early embryogenesis are discussed.

Epigenetic regulation of transposable element derived human gene promoters.

Characterization of transcription of genomic regions harboring HERV-W elements

Herv-W gag transcripts appear to exhibit a highly diversified expression pattern across both tissues and individuals, and Chromatin modifications potentially mediate the effect of influenza A virus infection on HERV-W expression.
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